2019年成人高考专升本 英语词汇和语法考点总结词汇

2019年成人高考专升本

英语词汇和语法考点总结词汇

一、名词和代词

一）重点名词和代词辨析

1、result，effect，outcome，ending，consequence，fruit

result 普通用词，多指好的结果.另：比分，成绩；effect 名词：效果，影响。动词：实现；outcome 多指成就，成果；ending 结局，结尾；consequence 多指不良的结果，后果；fruit 水果，产物。

2、feature，appearance，virtue，character，characteristics

feature 1，特色，2，面貌，相貌；appearance  1，出现，露面 2，外观，外貌，外表；virtue 1，美德，2，优点，长处；character 特征，品质，角色；characteristics 特性，特色。

3、accident，incident，event，conflict，trouble，occurrence，crash，crisis

accident 事故，意外。意想不到的事情，往往引起损伤或伤害；incident  事件，小插曲。事变（外交，政治中的政变）；event  特指重大事件；conflict 冲突，矛盾；trouble 烦恼，麻烦；occurrence 1，发生，出现。2，突发事件；crash 使(飞机)坠毁、使(车辆)猛撞等；crisis 危机，紧急关头。

4、currency，income，wage，bonus，salary，award，reward，fee，allowance，honour，benefit，profit，interest， prize， wealth，capital，money，cash，coin,fund,debt,loan

currency 流通货币，经济学用词；Income 泛指收入；Wage 特指工资；Bonus 指提成的奖金；Salary = wage + bonus 薪水；Award 授予的奖项，包括奖励的奖金；Reward 回报，报酬，酬金；Fee 泛指费用；Allowance 表示津贴，补贴；honour 荣誉，名誉。常用 in honour of ，以….为纪念，向…表示敬意；benefit 名词：利益。动词：对….有益 be benefit to；profit 名词：1，好处，益处。2，利润。动词：有益于，有利于 vt，及物动词；interest 名词：1，兴趣，爱好，2，利息。动词：对….感兴趣；prize 奖金，奖品；Wealth 财产，财富。既可指金钱财富，也可指精神财富；Capital  可以是形容词和名词。1，形容词：大写的，首要的，首都的。2，名词：大写字母，首都，表示金钱时指：本钱，本金；Money 钱的统称，可以是纸币，也可以是硬币，也可以是用作货币的其他物品；Cash 指可以兑换的现金或现款；Coin 硬币;fund基金；debt债务；loan 贷款，借款。

5、consideration，intention，determination， judgement，opinion，estimate，evaluation

consideration 1，考虑，2，照顾，关心；intention 意图，目的；determination 决心，决定；judgement/ judgment 判断，审判，裁决；opinion 观点，想法；estimate 估计，估价；Evaluation  评价，估价。

6、observation，obligation，objection，obstacle，object，obedience

observation 注意，观察；obligation 义务，责任；objection 反对；obstacle  阻碍，障碍；object 名词：物体，对象。动词：object反对+ to；obedience 服从，遵守。

7、position，career，profession，work，job，occupation，vocation，employment

position 职位，职务。另：方位，位置，态度，立场等；career 职业生涯，终生从事的职业；profession 尤指需要专门知识或特殊训练的)职业(如医学、法律、工程、教学等)；work 强调工作的内容，不可数。可以做动词；job，强调工作的份数，可数；occupation 经常担任的行业，不一定有报酬。常常用于写简历；

vocation 是指经过训练后从事的职业，需要一定职业技能；employment 带有雇佣关系的职业，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。

8、pace，rhythm，step，measure，rate，ratio ， speed，

pace 步伐，节奏；rhythm (文学、艺术、戏剧等中的)节奏，韵律；step 脚步，台阶，阶层；measure 1，措施。2，测量，度量；rate 比例。常见搭配： at the rate of 以...的速度或比例；ratio 专业术语，比例，比率。用于经济学，数学，法律中，等；Speed 速度。常见搭配：At the speed of。

9、cheque，receipt，ticket，label，mark，sign，signal，symbol，code，stamp

cheque 支票 ；receipt  收据，发票；ticket 普通用词，票 ；label 标签，标记。指详细的表示，如商品标签；mark 商标，标志。简单的记号。多指商标；sign 符号，记号。如交通标志；signal 信号 ；symbol 符号，象征。指具有象征意义的标志，如十字架标志；code 密码，代码 ；stamp 邮票 。

10、size，length，height，breadth，width

size 尺寸，大小 ；length 长度 ；height 高度，身高 ；breadth 宽度，幅度。不但可以指物体的宽度。=width，还可以指胸襟、见解、观点、兴趣等的)宽广，宽宏(大度)。

11、mind，view，vision，landscape ，picture，look，mood，temper，humor，passion，emotion，spirit，feeling ，attitude

mind 观点 ，想法。心里想的观点；view 看法，观点，看见的东西产生的观点另：景色；Vision 视觉，视力，视野。书面用词，含义广泛，指人的视力或视野，也可指远见卓识；Landscape 风景；Picture 画面；Look 动词：看。名词：表情，神情；mood 心情,情绪；temper 脾气。 Lose one’s temper , out of temper；humor 幽默，诙谐；passion 激情，热情；emotion 情感，情绪。(如爱、恨、惧、忧、怒等)；spirit 精神，心灵，灵魂；Feeling 感觉；Attitude 态度。

12、assurance，insurance，guarantee，safety

assurance 1，保证。2，保险，主要指人寿保险；insurance 任何类型的保险，也可指人寿保险；guarantee 保证书，保质期；safety 安全，平安。

13、no， none，neither，nothing，anything，something， one… the other, some …. The others, others, the others, another

no 形容词，修饰名词或代词；none 三者以上都不；neither 两者都不；nothing but 只不过；anything + but 根本不，绝不；one…. the other 一个，另一个；some  …. the others, 一些，另一些；others,= other thing/ people；the others = the rest；another 泛指另一个，没有一定的范围限制。在一定的范围之内，一个另一个用one…. the other，一定范围内三者以上，除去一部分，另一部分用 the others。

14、the other day ，the next day， the following day ，in two days，

the other day  几天前；the next day = the following day 第二天，次日；In two days 两天之内。将来的时间。

15、among ，between，one another，each other

among 用于 三者以上的人之间；between 用于两者之间；one another 用于三者以上；each other 用于两者之间。

二）名词固定搭配

1，balance between 平衡；2，difference between 差异；3，link between  联系；4，Ambition for   雄心，抱负，野心；5，sympathy for  对....的同情；

6，confidence in 对....有信心；7，belief in  相信。 Believe in 相信；8，success in 成功    succeed in；9，dependence on 依赖于。 Depend on 动词形式；10，emphasis on 强调；11，impact on 对...的影响，对...的冲击；12，influence on 影响；13，pressure on 对...有压力；14，stress on强调，重视；15，advantage over 优越于；16，have/gain access to 接近，使用; 17，attention to 注意；18，attitude to 态度，看法；19，exposure to 。动词：expose to 暴露于，曝光于。20，（in） response to 相应；21，（in） accordance with  与....保持一致；22，association with  associate with  与....有关；23，combination with  。Combine with  同....结合,24，compromise with  放弃，妥协；25，contact with  与....接触，联系；26，encounter with 与....相遇

二、动词

一）重点动词辨析

1、Occur；happen；take place。

Happen强调偶然性；take place指有计划的使某事发生；occur是一般用词，可指某事情偶然发生或者按照计划进行，跟to短语时，表示“想到”，+somebody。

2、Range；vary；change；alter；transform；turn；reform

Range一个范围内的变动，一般与from连用表示从….到….变化。也可以是名词，1，一系列：a range of。2，变化范围，幅度；Vary 不规则的，断断续续的，因人而异的变化；Change 改变的与原物完全不同，以旧换新的变化；Alter 局部的，外表的变化，但特点不变；Transform 比vary 更彻底的变化。变革；Turn 外表，颜色，气味，性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗；Reform 改革

3、transfer；transform；transmit；transport；transit；transplant

Transfer 转移，转让；Transform 彻底的改变；Transmit 传播，传导（信号，天线，疾病等）；Transport 运输。名词或动词。另：transportation 交通运输，名词；Transit 经过；运送。名词或动词；Transplant 移植、移种、移居。

4、comprise；consist；constitute；compose。都有组成，构成的意思

Comprise 及物动词，两种用法，整体和部分都可以在前，常用语主动语态，也可以用被动。be comprised of；Consist 只能用作主动。不及物动词，常用搭配是Consist of；Constitute 两个意思1，组成，构成，及物动词2，建立，制定。常用语主动语态；Compose 一般用被动语态 be composed of。

5、interfere；intervene；interrupt；trouble；disturb；

Interfere 干预，干涉。不及物动词。常与 with，in连用 。指未获允许干涉他人的事情；Intervene 干涉，干预，介入。书面用语，语气较重。常与in 连用。指介入争端，进行调停等；Interrupt 打断。vi和vt都可。注意和break in 的区别。Interrupt指打断（说话无法继续），break in指插话（说话仍可继续），非法闯入；Trouble 使烦恼，麻烦；Disturb 打扰，妨碍。

6、rise；arise；arouse，raise

Rise，vi，意为“升起，增高,增涨”----- rise（rose，risen）；arise，vi，意为“开始发生，出现，产生” ----arise（arose，arisen；且arise from“起源于，发生于”固搭；raise，vt，意为“招募，养育，提高，举起，提出等含义；arouse，vt，意为激起，唤醒。

7、be attracted to/by 被…所吸引；Be concentrated on 集中于；Be involved in 涉及，卷入，陷入；Be drawn to 被….所吸引。

8、embarrass；disappoint；discourage；disappear；disaster

Embarrass 使尴尬，使窘促不安；Disappoint 使失望；Discourage使气馁，失去信心；Disappear消失，失踪；Disaster 名词：灾难

9，affect； effect；impact；infect；reflect；influence

Affect 动词，影响。affect＝have an effect on；Effect 名词：效果，效应。常常与on连用。动词：实现，产生；Impact 动词或名词：影响。指具体事件的影响（一般指收入，利润，利益等）；Infect 传染，感染；Reflect 反射，反映；influence影响，“感化”。侧重内在的，潜移默化的影响使一个人的行为或思想发生改变。

10，adjust；adapt；adopt；suit；fit

Adjust 1，适应；2，调整，校对+to 。主要用于调整角度、高度、光线等；Adapt 1，适应。一般用于适应新的条件或环境。用于适应的意思时，和adjust用法一样。2，改编，编写；Adopt 1，收养，抚养。2，采用，采纳；Suit 做动词时，表明适合要求，宾语一般是人。做名词指：一套衣服；Fit 一般用词，vi & vt。指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。宾语可以是人，也可以是物。

11，come to/ draw /arrive at/ reach a conclusion 得出结论。

12，prevent；preserve；forbid；ban；prohibit；object；restrain ；oppose；fight

Prevent 1，预防。2，阻止+from；Preserve 保护，保持，维持；Forbid 禁止，一般用 forbid sb to do sth；Ban 禁止，指由于社会压力或谴责而禁止做某事。一般用 ban….from sth/doing ；Prohibit 禁止。指法律等做出的正式规定的禁止。一般用prohibit sb from sth/doing ；Object 后加 to 为介词，意思是：反对，to是介词；Restrain，vt，抑制，克制，约束。名词：restrain；Opposevt或vi，反对。一般用oppose + sth 或 be opposed to do sth；Fight 打架，斗争.Fight against 反对。

13，intend to； tend to；incline to ；lean to；be apt to

Intend to 打算做某事；Tend to 倾向于；Incline to 常用被动语态 be inclined to do sth倾向于；Lean to  向….倾斜。意思为动作的倾斜；Be apt to = tend to 倾向于

14，acquire；require；inquire；request

Acquire 取得，获得= obtain；Require 需要，需求；Inquire 打听，咨询；Request 请求，要求。

15，cure，heal；recover；treat

Cure 治愈内科疾病，感冒，发烧，肚子疼，头疼等内科疾病；Heal 治愈外伤，伤口，烧伤等外科疾病；Recover 恢复（体力，健康，能力等）；Treat 普通用词，宾语一般是人。指接受并治疗病人。

16，harm；hurt；wound；injure；damage；disable；spoil；destroy；ruin；wreck

Harm 指身体或感情上受伤，一般用 do harm to sb；Hurt 指身体或感情上受伤，及物动词，直接+ somebody；Wound 指在战争，暴力或武器中受的伤；Injure 在事故，灾难中受伤;Damage 指无生命物体的损坏，破坏；Disable 受伤致残；Spoil 由于纵容或者你爱造成的性情的扭曲。溺爱，宠坏；Destroy 指彻底的破坏；Ruin 由于外部原因，致使彻底毁灭；wreck车辆船舶的毁坏。

17， strike at；strive for；stick to ；stand for

Strike at 攻击，袭击；Strive for/ after 为…而努力，奋斗；Stick to 粘住，黏住；坚持做…；Stand for 代表，支持，象征。

18，bring，carry，take，fetch，get

Bring 带来，拿来；Carry 把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式；Take与bring的方向相反，指从说话者的地点把某物带走，侧重方向,不强调方式；Fetch：指一来一回。相当于 go and bring 指取了东西再返回出发出；Get ，口头用语，相当于fetch。

19，cost；spend，take；pay；expend

Cost指花费事件，金钱，劳力等。主语必须是物；Spend，与cost 同意，主语是人；Take 普通用词，指占用事时间，金钱，经历等。主语可以是人也可以是物。常用it takes.... to do sth; Pay 常与for 连用，表示花费;Expend 一般搭配是： expend +金钱，时间，经历+ on sth/ doing sth.

20，recognize；realize；recover；remember，resemble

Recognize:原来认识，经过一段时间后认出某人;Realize 原来不认识或不知道，经过一段时间后才意识到;Recover 恢复。不一定指人，也可指事物的恢复;Remember 想起来，记起来; Resemble 像,类似+ in somebody

21，notice；see；watch；observe

Notice 意思是：注意。偶尔看到的，细小的但可能是重要的事情；See 强调看到的结果，意思是看见；Watch 看到事物变化发展的过程；Observe 从不同的角度长时间的观察，并研究。

22， accuse，charge，scold，blame，curse

Accuse+ of 指责，指控；Charge 动词或名词。1，收费。2，控告3，掌管，负责；Scold 责骂，责备；Blame 责备，责怪；Curse 诅咒，咒骂。

23，inherit，inhibit，inhabit

Inherit 继承；Inhibit 阻止; 抑制；inhabit  居住于, 栖居于

24，seat，sit

seat，可以表示“坐”的意思，是及物动词，用被动语态；sit是不及物动词，后面必须加上介词。

25，attribute to ，contribute to ，devote to ，dedicate to ，owe to

Attribute to  认为…是; 归因于；Contribute to 促成，导致，有助于；Devote to致力于....；Dedicate to  ，献(身)于…；Owe to  1，欠…(某物)；2， 把…归功于

二）动词固定搭配

1、Break的搭配

Break out (战争、打斗等不愉快事件)突然发生, 爆发 ；Break down 损坏，拆散，失败；Break in 非法闯入；插话；Break through 突破，突围；Break off 中断，中止

2、bring 和come的搭配

bring about 导致，造成，引起，产生；come about发生 ；bring back 带回，还回，使想起；Bring out 使出版；出现，呈现= arise；Come out  出现，出版，显现；Bring up 提出、教育，养育；come up 出现；come up with 提出...想法；come up against 遭到....反对；Bring down 1，减少，降低,2，打败，击垮；Bring forward 提出；Bring off 成功完成….；come across= run into= happen to meet = encounter 偶然相遇；come to 共计。

3、call的搭配

call for 去接，去取….、需要、要求；call on 拜访、号召，呼吁；call out 大声叫喊，大声说出；call up 给….打电话、使回想起，使回忆起；call off 取消、停止

4、carry 的搭配

carry off 抢走、窃走；carry on 经营，从事、继续进行….；Carry out 执行，贯彻、完成，实现

5、Count 的搭配

count in 把...算在内；count out 不把…考虑在内 ；count up 加起来, 算出总数 ；count down 倒数到零或规定的时间 ；count on 依赖, 依靠 = depend on = rely on

6、Get的搭配

get over 克服，解决。困难，疾病等；Get along 1，进行，进展 ；get along with = get on with 与某人和睦相处；Get through 1，穿过; 通过 2，接通电话

7、Give 的搭配

give in 让步，屈服。=Give away to= yield to；give back 归还， 恢复   另：bring back 带回，还回；give off 指烟，热，光等 散发，释放；give up 放弃；give out = hand out 分发，分给

8、Go 的搭配

go off 1, 离开，离去：2,(水电等)被切断，(煤气等)用完；go after 追求，追捕； go (a)round 1， 四处走走，2，（消息等）传开；go along with 1，陪伴，陪同（简单）=keep sb company 2,支持，赞同= agree with ；go into 1，进入2，= investigate 调查，研究；go over = review 复习； go out 1,外出，出去。2，熄灭 

9、hand 的搭配

hand out 分发，分给；hand down 传承，传递；hand over 交出，交给；hand in 上交，递交

10、hang的搭配

Hang up 1，挂断电话，2，把.....挂起来；Hang about 徘徊，闲荡 ；Hang on 1,.坚持下去: 2.抓紧不放，紧紧握住:。

11、hold 的搭配

hold up 举起= put up 、阻碍，延误；hold on 保持通话；坚持；hold off 推迟。

12、look 的搭配

look around 四处观望；Look up 1，向上看 2，查找；Look out 当心 ；look down upon/on 看不起，轻视

13、lay的搭配

lay out 陈设，陈列；lay off 解雇，裁员；lay aside 把....放到一边、储存，注意：任何一个动词+aside意思都是把....放到一边、储存；lay down 放下，躺下

14、Make的搭配

make out 理解, 明白 ；Make off 逃跑；make up 构成；make up for补偿, 弥补

15、put的搭配

put aside 放到一边,储存；Put away 1.收起来, 放好 2，储蓄，储存；

Put across 1.用欺骗的方法使(某人)接受或相信 2.〈非正〉解释, 被理解 ；

Put down 1，放下，2，记下，写下=write down、put down、set down、take down；put off 推迟；put up 建造，建立；举起；提出；put out 扑灭，熄灭、出版，发布

16、set的搭配

set aside,1，把…存储起来；抽出(时间等)；Set up 建立，建造, 创立, 竖立 = put up ；Set in 开始，到来，流行；Set down ：放下、写下，记下；Set out 1.动身, 出发 2.着手, 开始

17、take 的搭配

take after =resemble (在性格)像;与...相似；take apart 拆卸,拆开；take back = withdraw拿回、收回；take down 记下，写下；take effect 生效；take ....for granted 认为…理所当然, 想当然 take in 1,=understand 领会; 理解 2,= absorb 吸收3,= cheat 欺骗；take off 1，脱掉脱去，移去2, 飞机起飞；take on 1，承担责任2，雇佣=employ3,呈现；take up 1，占据时间2，开始从事....；take part in 参加 ；take place 发生，举行；take turns 轮流，依次。

18、turn的搭配

turn down 1，关小音量2，拒绝 ；turn up 1，开大音量2，出现 ；turn out  结果是, 原来是 ；turn to 向...求助；turn on 打开；turn off 关掉；turn in 进入、上缴，上交；turn over 把….反过来、仔细思考，深思。

19、with的搭配：

get on with 继续做某事；与…和睦相处；put up with 容忍，忍受；Keep up with 跟上，不落后；Go on with 继续做某事；come up with 提出。

三、形容词和副词考点总结

1，Willing；unwilling；reluctant；alert；intelligent；complacent；pleased；satisfied

willing 乐意的，心甘情愿的， 常用搭配：be willing to do sth；unwilling，willing的反义词，不乐意的，不情愿的；reluctant：=unwilling 勉强的，不情愿的；alert 警惕，警觉；Intelligent：聪明的，智能的；Complacent：自满的，得意的；Pleased 高兴的；satisfied满意的

2，dim；dark；vaguely；slightly；

dim 暗淡的，昏暗的；dark 黑暗的，阴暗的；vaguely 模糊地，含糊的；slightly 轻微的,稍稍的。

3，famous；noted；distinguished； popular；fashionable；vogue；prevalent；common；ordinary；general；usual；favorite；fond

famous = noted= distinguished 著名的，闻名的。Be famous/ noted/ distinguished/ known for 以….而著名；Popular 流行的，受欢迎的。指大众的爱好或喜好；Fashionable 时尚的，时髦的= vogue；Prevalent 普遍的，常见的，盛行的。指当前社会普遍存在的；Common 用于指物，指很常见，不稀奇；Ordinary 指物，指每天都发生的，十分平淡无奇的。指人，指无特别之处，很一般；General 指大多如此，很少有例外；Usual 指常见或常做的事情，指习惯性；Favourite特别喜爱的，最喜欢的；Fond 喜欢 be fond of = like

4，consequently；constantly；consistently；continuously；

consequently 因此，所以；constantly 不断地，时常地；consistently 一贯的，始终如一的；continuously  连续不断的，接连的

5，barely；hardly；rarely；scarcely；merely；nearly

barely= hardly=rarely= scarcely 几乎不，否定含义。

merely 仅仅，只不过 = only；nearly 几乎

6，effect；affect；effective；efficient；efficacy；

effect 名词：影响，效果。动词，实现；affect 动词，影响；effective 有效地，生效的；efficient 有能力的，效率高的；efficacy 名词：效力，功效

7，respectful；respective；respecting；respectable；respected

Respectful 恭敬的，有礼貌的；Respective 各自的，分别的

Respecting 关于，至于；Respectable 可敬的，值得尊敬的

8，lively；alive；live；living；alone；lonely；single；unique；sole；only；individual

lively 生动的，活泼的；alive，live和living都可以表示生物“活着的”，alive 一般做后置定语，也可作表语。指本来有死的可能，但仍然活着。live 一般做前置定语，特指动物：活着的。另：现场直播的, 实况转播的 。living 可做前置定语，也可作后置定语，也可作表语。指在某个时候是活着的。The living 表示活着的人；Alone 1，副词：单独，独自；仅仅，只有=only表示只有本人，没有外人2，形容词：单独的；Lonely 1，形容词：孤独的，寂寞的。2，形容词：偏远的，人迹罕至的；Single 单独的，单一的；Unique 世界上独一无二的；Sole 指物，表示专有的，独有的，独家的；Only 比unique的范围稍小，仅有的；Individual：单独的，个别的；个人的，个体的。

9，              particular；specific；peculiar；general；special；especial

particular 特别的，特殊的；special=particular特殊的，特别的；peculiar  含有“与众不同”，“独特”的意思；General 一般的,普遍的;especial  意思是“特别的”，与special同义，但special的应用较普遍。

10，          sometime；sometimes；some time； some times

sometime 表示过去或将来的某个时候；sometimes 有时候；some time 一段时间；some times 几次

11，          like；as；alike ；likely ；same；similar

like 动词，喜欢。介词：像。名词：爱好；as 和like的区别：as表示和….一样.like 表示 像….一样；alike(a)是表语形容词，通常它只能作表语。它前面不能用very修饰。只能用much或very much修饰；alike表示“相像”；当作副词时，表示“一样地，相似地”；Likely 形容词或副词：可能；same是形容词、副词或名词，作形容词的意思为“同一的，同样的”。它无论作什么词性，前面都应有定冠词或等指示代词修饰。 后常带as或that；similar是形容词或名词，作形容词的意思为“类似的，相似的”，后面常跟介词to。

12，          plenty ；many；much；enough；adequate；sufficient ；deal；lot；most；too；very

plenty of +可数名词或不可数名词。许多，大量；many +可数名词复数；much+不可数名词复数或形容词的比较级；enough ：形容词或副词，足够的，前面可以有形容词修饰：比如 large enough，当然也可以做形容词直接修饰名词；adequate 指充足的；Sufficient：足够的，充足的。侧重数量达到某一特定的需求；deal：a great deal of 修饰不可数名词，a great number of 和 a great many of 修饰可数名词；Lot ： a lot of 和 lots of 既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词；Most：1，形容词：大部分，后可直接加名词。2，副词，最….的。常用the most +形容词构成最高级。3，most of the +名词，指 大部分；too，1，也，又。放在整句话的后面，表示同意。2，太，过于...，前面不能有fairly，very，quite修饰，但是可以有far，rather，much，a little，a lot，a bit 修饰。3，cann't ....too.... 越....越好。Too.....to....太.....而不.....；very是一个副词，需要修饰形容词。

13，          precious；expensive；wealthy；dear ；valuable

precious：宝贵的；expensive 昂贵的，值钱的；wealthy 富裕的；dear 亲爱的，昂贵的；valuable 贵重的，值钱的；有价值的。常常指物。

14，          how soon/ long/far/often/fast

how soon 指某件事情距离现在有多久会发生，回答用in；how long 指某件事情持续多长时间；或长度有多长。指多长时间时，回答用 一个时段（for） two days。等；how far 是提问路程有多远；How often 指事情发生的频率有多快，常见的回答有 often；sometimes；usually，once/ twice a week等；How fast 提问速度有多快

15，          good，well，better，best

good 形容词：好的；well 副词：好的。形容词：健康的。名词：井；better ：good 的比较级当两者比较时用：the better of the two 。只有句子中出现of the two，前面才用 the better；best 最高级，最好的

16，          worth，worthy，worthwhile，worth while

    worth是一个只能作表语的形容词，意思为“值……的”、“相当于……的价值的”、“有……价值的”、“值得……的”。后接名词、接动名词的主动形式。

    worthy可作表语，也可作定语，既可以做前置定语，也可以做后置定语。作定语时意思为“有价值的”、“值得尊敬的”、“应受到赏识的”；用作表语时意思为“值得……的”、“应得到……的”，其后接of sth./ of being done，也可以后接to be done.，如果接动名词或者不定式都需要用被动形式。

    worthwhile与worthy一样，既可作表语，又可作定语,其做前置定语时，用法和worthy 一样，不能做后置定语。表示某事因重要、有趣或受益大而值得花时间、金钱或努力去做，一般做“值得的”、“值得做的”、“有意义的”解。用作表语时，可接动名词或动词不定式。

Worth while 分开的形式，worth 做动词。

四、介词连词考点总结

1， beside，besides，except，except for，apart from，in addition to，beyond，within，as well as，but for

beside 在…的旁边；

except和except for 的区别：except用于表示同类事物之间的关系，其意为"除……以外"、"除去"；except for用于表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定。它不表示同类事物之间的关系，可以用于句首。

Except 和besides 的区别：①We all went except him. 除他之外，我们都去了。(他没有去)②We all went besides him. 除他之外，我们大家也都去了。(他也去了)

In addition to = besides；

Apart from= besides/except；

Beyond：超出，超过 常常+ one’s reach/control of sth；

Within，beyond的反义词。在…范围之内；

As well as 和….一样，也….；

But for 要不是，需要使用虚拟语气。

2，Increase to ，increase by，increase with， increase in

increase to表示增长到；increase by表示增长了；increase with  ,随…增长 ；increase in  在…方面增长

3，By all means 当然，一定可以= definitely；By any means 无论如何；By every means 用尽办法= in all sort of way ；By no means 绝不 

其他的一些固定搭配参看课本上这一节划到的重点介词固定搭配。

五、冠词和数词考点总结

1，chapter x, the xth chapter 第几章节的表达方法，只有这两种是正确的。

2，连字符 “-”，用于数词和名词之间，变成一个形容词，表示“.....的”；注意：three month ' s 的用法是错误的。后面不需要加所有格；基数词和名词构成合成词时误用复数。注意：所有的词均需要用单数。

3，分数的表达方法，前面是分子，用基数词，后面是分母，用序数词，前面超过一个后面就用复数。 中间加不加“-”均可

4，可以修饰可数名词的词有： many，few，a few ，a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large/great/good) number of.

可以修饰不可数名词的词有：much,little, a little, a lot of ,lots of ,plenty of, a (large/great/good) amount/quantity /deal of

语法

一：时态和语态

一）时态

1，12种常见时态的基本用法，各种时态的基本表达方式以及时间顺序。

一般现在时：表示现状，性质，特点或者客观真理。常与always，often，usually等词连用

现在进行时：表示正在发生的动作。常与continually，constantly，all the time 等词连用

现在完成时：表示已经完成或存在的状态。常与since，for，yet，already等词连用

现在完成进行时：表示动作持续到现在可能刚刚中止，也可能继续进行

一般过去式：表示过去某一时刻发生的动作。常与ago，yeaterday，when...等词连用

过去进行时：表示过去某一时间段持续进行的动作。常用词语现在进行时一样

过去完成时：过去的过去，必须在过去的界定条件下才可以使用。常用 by +过去的时间/ 一般过去式的句子

过去完成进行时：动作持续到过去的一个时间可能刚刚中止，也可能继续进行

一般将来时：将来的动作，主语will，shall，be going to ，be to 和be about to的区别

将来进行时：将来的时间里可能持续发生的动作

过去将来时：表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的事情

将来完成时：动作要到将来某一时间完成。常用 by + 将来的时间/ 一般现在时的句子

2，make sure/certain，in case等词 后面的从句常用现在时表示将来时

3，主句是现在时态或将来时态，从句可以为任何时态。主句为过去的时态，从句必须是过去的时态。

二）被动语态

1，不能用被动语态的情况：A:不及物动词   B: 表示状态而不是动作的词，如 cost，fit， lack ，want，wish suit等

2，感官动词（hear，feel，listen to ，see，watch，notice等），使役动词：have，make，help，let等。被动时，需要将to补上。

3，被动语态一般都与其他考点综合考察，当看到选项有被动选项时，首先应该考虑是否具有被动关系。

二，非谓语动词

一）动词不定式

1，动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，用引导词it作形式主语。如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语，这时，通常要用"it"作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。

2，动词不定式的逻辑主语：

1）it is + adj+ for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：

2）it is + adj+of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。

3, 动词不定式作定语：①用不定式作定语时，如果它与所修饰的词是动宾关系，所以如果不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟上必要的介词。②不定式作定语，如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系，则不定式后面不能再带宾语。

4，动词不定式作状语：①不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词，在句中作状语，这时不定式不能再带宾语。②作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。

5, 不定式的时态和语态:  被动式 to be studied；进行式to be studying；完成式to have studied; 被动完成式to have been studied

6，有些动词要求省掉to的不定式做宾语补足语：主要有：

A:感官动词（hear，feel，listen to ，see，watch，notice等），使役动词：have，make，help，let等。

B:can not help but do（不得不）；can not but do（不得不）；cannot choose but do（只能）；had better do（最好）；would rather do（宁愿）

7，两个不定式由and，except，or，than连接时，可以省略第二个to，由but连接时，如果前面有do及其变形，可以省略第二个to，反之则不行。

二）动名词

1，it is no use/no good/useless/(not) wise/ worthwhile/ of great(no,little) importance 等句式，后加动名词

2，常用动名词做宾语的动词：admit,suggest, dislike, appreciate, enjoy, keep, prevent等。注意还有一些课本上的词。

3，动名词的逻辑主语：如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动词的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语。但是，如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语相同，则不应再有逻辑主语。逻辑主语可以用物主代词和名词所有格，也可以用人称代词宾格或名词的普通格。例如：his/ him doing sth。

4，动名词的时态和语态：完成式：having done；被动式being done；完成被动式：having been done

5，既可以用动词不定时又可以用动名词的一些词的意义区别：主要有：forget，remember，stop，regret，try，mean，go on + to do/ doing

6， allow, permit, forbid，encourage，advise后面无宾语时，接doing；后面有宾语时，接to do

7，动名词在固定结构中的使用

1） have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time + （in）+doing

2） feel like + 名词/动名词 "想要"

3） spend/waste time doing sth

4） cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么）。这一句型要和can not help but do（不得不）以及can not but do（不得不）区分开来

5） something need/want/require +动名词表被动意义；be busy doing sth.忙于干某事

6） be worth doing sth.值得…

7） What about/how about doing …怎么样？

三）分词

1，动词不定式，动名词与分词的否定形式是在它们的前面加not，never

2，分词作定语：现在分词表示主动和进行，过去分词表示被动和完成。不定式表示将来。

3，分词作状语：1）分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。

2） 分词有时还可由连词when，while，if，after，before，on，unless等词引出，通常表示一种状态，当这些连词没有主语的时候，其后可以直接跟一个分词来表示一种伴随状态，分词的使用要和主句的主语保持一致。

3） 分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语和主句谓语动词的一致性。否则，分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称为独立主格结构。

4，分词作宾语补足语：1） 使役动词have, make, get的后面可以接过去分词作宾补，keep的后面则接现在分词作宾补。在"have+ sth.+过去分词"的结构中，宾语补语所表示的动作往往是由别人来完成的。也可以用have+sb/sth +现在分词”，表示宾语补语的动作正在进行。也可以用Have + sb/sth+ do，表示一种状态，并不表示被动或进行。

2） 表示感觉的动词notice, find, see, watch, hear, smell, feel等感官动词后面用省掉to的动词不定式作宾语补语，通常表示(强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语，则通常表示动作正在进行。

5，分词作表语：现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，常用于事物；过去分词作表语表示主语的状态，常用于人。现在分词意思是“令人...”,过去分词意思是“某人感到....”；分词作表语时，现在分词有“主动”、“进行”、等意义；过去分词有“被动”、“完成”等意义。

6，分词的时态和语态：1）过去分词没有完成时态和被动语态

2） 现在分词的时态和语态：完成式：having done；被动式：being done。表示"正在被...."；完成被动式：having been done

三、情态动词和虚拟语气考点总结

一）情态动词：

常见的情态动词有can ,could,may ,might,must,should,ought to，need,dare,ought to.

特别注意：没有will 和would

1, can 表示能，could是它的过去式，

 May表示可能，might是它的过去式。

 语气方面：can最直截了当，could 礼貌客气，may既尊重又礼貌，might含做作的成分。

2，must的含义，第一个含义是：必须。其否定回答一般是：need not 或者don't have to.

第二个含义是：肯定。其否定形式是can't 不可能。 而mustn't 的意思是：禁止，绝对不行。

3，need 作为情态动词的时候，一般只用于肯定句和疑问句中。当然也可以作为实义动词，意思是需要。需要注意的是：情态动词的否定用 needn't，实义动词的否定用don't need.

另：dare 同need的用法，一般用于否定句和疑问句中。往往具有实义动词的意思。

4，should 和ought to 的用法。其否定形式是：shouldn't 和ought not to 。意思是：应该。

5，情态动词+ have+ done

Must have done 肯定已经做过  may/might have done 可能已经做过....

May/ might not have done 可能不会做过....

Needn't have done 做了不必要或不需要做的事情。

an/ could have done 可能已经 can/ could not have done 不可能已经。

Should/ ought to have done 应该做的事情却没做。Should not have done/ ought not to have done做了不应该做的事情。

二）虚拟语气：

第一，if 条件句。

1，普通状态：

1），对现在的虚拟：从句：If+主语+过去式（be--were）+...

主句：主语+should/could/might/could + 动词原形+.....

2），对过去的虚拟：If+主语+had+过去分词+...

主句：主语+should/could/might/could + have+过去分词+.....

3），对将来的虚拟：从句：If+主语+should/were to/ were going to + 动词原形+...

主句：主语+should/could/might/could + 动词原形+.....

2，if 条件句中的从句中有were，had，could，should。可以省掉if ，使用倒装结构。注意：只把were，had，could，should提到句首，其他的一律不倒装。除非有weren't/ hadn't/ couldn't/shouldn't 这些分不开的形式。

3，用介词短语替代if条件句，其后的句子和if条件句主句的变化形式相同。这些词包括：but，but for， with ，without，under，otherwise等。如果这些词后面+ 客观事实，主句表示对现在的虚拟，用 should/could/might/could + 动词原形。如果这些词后面加一个具体的事情，就默认这个事情为过去的事情，主句表示对过去的虚拟，用主语+should/could/might/could + have+过去分词+.....。

4，有些虚拟语气是可以省略主句或者从句的，往往都是其前面或者后面有一个陪衬的句子。起到一个解释说明的作用，中间是句号。这种题目要根据陪衬的句子来分析是对现在，过去，还是将来的虚拟。

5，混和虚拟语气。当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。往往主句或从句有一个明确的时间点来界定。

第二，Wish/ if only/ even if(though)/as if(though)/ suppose，这几个词需要引导虚拟语气，其变化形式基本同if条件句引导的虚拟语气，需要注意的是：将来形式不同。这些词引导的虚拟语气形式是：

对现在的虚拟：从句谓语用：过去式（were）

对过去的虚拟：从句谓语用：had+过去分词/ could have + 过去分词

对将来的虚拟：从句谓语用：would/ could +动词原形

第三，过去式形式

1, It is （high/ about）time (that)，后面的从句谓语动词用 过去式或者 should do，should 不能省略。

2，would（just） rather/ sooner/ as soon ，从句谓语动词用 过去式。注意这些词在动词不定式中的应用与这里的区别。

第四，should do 形式，should 可省略。

1，for fear that 和lest 从句谓语动词 用（should） do

2，一些表示建议，要求，命令的动词引导的宾语从句。其名词形式引导的从句。以及 it is + suggested that 的形式。

这些动词有：suggest ，insist， recommend， order，propose，urge，require，advise，request，desire， command，demand，arrange，move 等。

其名词性是有：suggestion，insistence , recommendation, order，proposal，urge, requirement，advice，request，desire,command, demand,arrangement,motion.

另外还包括：necessity，decision，resolution，plan等词

3，it is + 形容词+that ，这些形容词有：important，necessary，essential，advisable，better，vital等。

四，定语从句：

1，在非正式场合， that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”，而且经常全部省略，

2，是用关系代词还是用关系副词：

方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

3，定语从句中的时态。如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时，从句的动作与主句的同时发生，那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、用一般过去时表示过去将来时。

4，限制性和非限制性定语从句

1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。

2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。

3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。

4）关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句

5，介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 、where，why ，whose互换。

4）在“介词+关系代词”的结构中，也可用复杂介词，如：by means of （用，依靠），as a result of （作为结果）等

6，as, which 非限定性定语从句

as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：

1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

2）在the same和such之后，定语从句用as引导。

3）as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接下列句型。如：as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。

7，一个先行词后面可以跟一个以上的定语从句，这种现象叫双重关系从句：

He is the only person that I can find who is able to solve the problem。

他是我能找到的唯一解决这个问题的人。

8，先行词和关系词合二为一：what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever 

what = the thing that；whatever = anything that/which

who= the person that  whoever= anyone who/that

9，关系代词that 的用法 

1）不用that的情况

 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 b) 介词后不能用。

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a) 先行词由the same, the very, the first, the last, the only,  the one, all, no, much, few，little, none, any, every等时，常用that, 而不用which

b) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。 

c)  先行词既有人，又有物时,只用that。

10，定语从句可以是一个动词不定式，但一般要使用“介词+关系代词“这种形式出现。

五：状语从句：

一）时间状语从句：when，while，as，after，before，as soon as， since，till/until, by the time

1,when, while, as 的区别：when即可引导延续性又可引导短暂性动词，还可以表示从句动作在主句之前或之后发生；while必须引导延续性动词，强调两个动作同时发生，又可表示类比；as表示一边，一边。引导延续性动作

2，Before引导的句子，主句时间在前，从句时间在后，after引导的句子，主句时间在后，从句时间在前。

3， since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is ＋时间＋since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时，从句用一般过去时。

4，as soon as， immediately， directly，instantly，the moment，the minute，once 表示“一....就”。 Hardly....when, no sooner....than意思与此相同，但是主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去式。

5，each time, every time 和whenever 每次，每当。

二）地点状语从句：

1，wherever/ anywhere = no matter where

2,  everywhere：每个地方

三）条件状语从句：

1，unless= if not 除非

2，as long as，so long as 只要；in case以防，以免

3， on condition that,providing that, provided that，supposing/supposed that, =if

四），原因状语从句

1，because 表示直接原因，语气最强

2，since表示已知原因，语气比because弱

3，seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), in that, given that 意思为“既然，因为”。

4，as表示双方都知道的原因，一般用于句首

5，for引导的原因只能放在主句之后并且用逗号隔开

五），目的状语从句

1，so that 以至于= in order that，另外还有for the purpose that ，so much so that.

六），结果状语从句

1，so....that ,such....that ：so+adj/adv, such+n

2,to the degree (that), to the extent (that), to such a degree (that), to such an extent (that)

So和such的区别：such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 1,单数可数名词钱有不定冠词与形容词是，so和such的位置不同。

So+adj/adv + a/an + n；Such + a/an + adj + n

2,so 后即使有形容词，也不能修饰复数名词和不可数名词，而such可以。

3,名词前有many，much，little，few修饰时，需要用so，不用such，但是当little表示“小”而不表示“少”的意思时，用such

七）让步状语从句

1，as，though引导的让步状语从句，需要倒装：adj/adv+ as/though+主语+谓语。但是although不能，他们不能与but连用

2，even if 和even though ：即使

3，no matter +疑问词 = 疑问词+ ever 不管.....都。注意：no matter how 和however后要直接加形容词或者副词+主语+谓语

4，despite= in spite of 尽管,他们要使用状语从句需要用despite/ in spite of the fact that...

5，while有时也可表示让步的意思：虽然。位于句首。

八），比较状语从句

1， 同级比较：as +adj + as ，not so (as) + adj + as；比较级： adj比较级+ than；最高级：the most+ adj ，the +adj最高级。

2，倍数的表达：主语+谓语+倍数+as + adj+ as；主+谓+倍数+more than；主+谓+倍数+the size，amount，length+ of

3，the 比较级....... The比较级。主句与从句句式要一致

4，(Just) as..... (so)..... 正如......，......也.....，主句与从句句式要一致

5，more than的用法：多于，不止；More than+adj：很，非常； No more than 只不过，not more than 不如；more+ adj + than +adj ，肯定前者，否定后者，是.....而不是.....

6，as far as 和so far as 1，表示直到....为止。 前者用于肯定句，后者用于否定句。2， 表示就....而言，两者可以互换

九）方式状语从句

1，引导词有：as 正如，as if/though 好像，引导虚拟语气； the way 正如。

六：名词性从句：

疑问词引导的主语，表语和宾语从句：1，疑问词本身有意义，2，疑问词在句子中做成分，3，从句用陈述语气。这些疑问词有：who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when, how包括whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,whichever，注意：没有whomever。

一）主语从句

1，主语从句常用it做形式主语，也可以以疑问词或者that，whether放在句首引导的正常句式的主语从句，要学会使用。引导主语从句的that不能省略，引导宾语从句的that可以省略。

2，whether既可以引导主语也可以引导宾语从句，但if不能引导主语从句，whether后可以加or not，if不行。作介词宾语时不用if

二）宾语从句

1，可用疑问词，that和if引导宾语从句。

2，think，believe，suppose，expect 等动词的宾语从句，其否定形式为将think变为否定

3，当宾语从句后还有补语时，it做形式宾语，而将整整的宾语从句放在句尾

4，that引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些表达感情色彩的形容词后面。如sure，certain，doubtful，worried，glad ，happy等

三）同位语从句

1，同位语从句常见的引导词：news，fact，idea，truth，suggestion，doubt，belief等。起到补充说明的作用。其引导词只能是that，而主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句的引导词可以是疑问词，that或whether，if。注意其与定语从句的区别。

四）表语从句

1，表语从句：可以用that引导，也可以用疑问词引导。正式文体中不省略，非正式文体中省略。

七，强调句和倒装句

一）强调句

1，强调非谓语：

1）一般句式：it is/was +强调的成分+ that/who/whom+ 其他成分

2）注意一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的倒装强调句型。

3）注意not … until … 句型的强调句，it is not until ....that.....

4）强调主语时，that或who后面的谓语动词的形式仍然取决于原句中的主语

5）注意强调句与主语从句，定语从句和状语从句的区别。

2，强调谓语：

助动词do的各种变形+动词原形。谓语动词只有两种时态能强调，即一般现在时和一般过去时。在一般现在时中，do有人称的变化，第三人称单数用does，一般过去时do 变成did。

二）倒装句

1）完全倒装：是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。

1: 以here, there, now, then 等副词开头的句子中。习惯上用一般现在时（除以then开头的句子用过去时）。用完全倒装。

2: such放在句首可以表示强调，意思是：“这就是”，用完全倒装。

3: 表示运动方向的副词，介词置于句首，需要使用完全倒装。这些词有in，away，up，out，down，under，behind，ahead等。

2） 部分倒装：是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

1: 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装 部分倒装。

2: There be 句型当中。There be 句型表达的意思是：“某处有….”。这个句型的主语在谓语动词后面，因此这是倒装语序。注意：there be 句型的时态；当have，has表示“有”的含义的时候，不能连用；there be句型的变形，用一些表示具体行为的动词代替be动词。

3: 当连词as 表示“虽然、尽管”引导让步状语从句时，句子要倒装，as 相当于though,可以替换。形容词/副词+as + 主语+谓语，主句。部分倒装。

4：虚拟语气条件从句中的if 被省略时，要把从句中的were, had 或should，could 移到主语之前。（if 的省略、倒装只限于从句中有were, had 或should，could这三个词时。）。部分倒装。

5：以so开头的，表示“也一样”，“也这样”的句子要倒装。So 用于肯定句，代替上文中的形容词、名词或动词，通常指前面所说的肯定情况也适用于其他人或物。结构是“so + be (do, have 其他助动词或情态动词)＋主语”。注意：so后面的谓语动词要同前半句的第一个谓语动词一致，如果只有一个谓语动词，使用助动词。使用部分倒装形式。注意：如果只是对前句的内容表示同意，则不要倒装。

6：以neither与nor开头的句子，表示“…也不”时，句子倒装。Neither 与nor 意思相同，可以互换。Neither, nor 用于否定句，通常指前面所说的否定情况也适用于其他人或物。结构是：Neither (nor) + be (do, have, 其他助动词或情态动词) ＋主语。部分倒装。Neither，nor后面的谓语动词要同前半句的第一个谓语动词一致，如果只有一个谓语动词，使用助动词。

7：在表示祝愿的句子中，用部分倒装。常见的有May, Long live 等。

8：在以never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, not only, not until, nor, little, nowhere, hardly….when, no sooner….than, by no means, under no circumstances 等开头的句子中，主谓要倒装。这些都是表示否定或半否定意义的词或词组。，部分倒装。

9：在以“only+状语”开头的句子中，主谓要倒装。这里only后面必须跟有它修饰的状语或状语从句，这是关键。否则就不倒装。

八、、主谓一致

一）就近原则。

1，Or，either...or, neither...nor, not only... But also.引导的两个并列主语，谓语动词要同离主语最近的主语一致。

2，如果there be 后面有两个或两个以上并列主语时，谓语也和最临近的那个一致。如果there be后面只有一个主语，就和那个主语保持一致。

二）首主语决定原则。

    当两个主语由as well as, as much as,with,along with, together with, including, followed by, like, unlike,except, but, besides,rather than 等词连接时，谓语动词由第一个主语决定。

三）单数原则。即谓语动词需要使用单数。

1，many a， more than one + 主语。即使主语是由and 连接的两个或两个以上的主语，谓语动词都用单数。

2，either，neither，every，one，no，each，the other，another做主语，或这些词+名词做主语时。即使主语是由and 连接的两个或两个以上的主语，谓语动词都用单数。

3，a/this/that + kind/sort/type/pair....形容词+of 做主语时

4，some/any/no/every + thing/one/body 做主语时，谓语动词用单数。做宾语时，同宾语决定原则，谓语动词也用单数。

5，不定式，动名词，介词短语，wh—+ to do，名词性从句等做主语时，谓语动词用单数。注意：如果是由and或both and等表示复数含义的词连接的两个或两个以上的这种类型的主语时，谓语动词用复数。

6，furniture，baggage/laggage, machinery,clothing,jewelry等集体名词做主语时。

7，表示时间，距离，金钱，重量等词，尽管是复数形式，但是作为整体看待，谓语动词用单数。当数词做主语时，谓语动词用单数。

8，如果是由and 连接的一个人或一件事情，谓语动词用单数。

四）复数原则。即谓语动词需要用复数

1，and， both....and...引导的两个并列主语，注意：单数原则的1,2 两点的例外。

2，复型名词：glasses，shoes，socks，gloves等词

3，people，police，cattle等词，注意people作为民族的意思时，是可数名词，有单复数形式的变化。

五）宾语决定原则。即谓语动词由其后所带的宾语决定。

1，what，who，which等疑问词引导的疑问句，其谓语动词由句子的宾语决定。

2，there be 句型，包括there be 句型的变形形式。即be动词可以使其他的实义动词，如：seems，happened，appears等等。

六）集体名词原则

1，群体名词：family，army，crowd，population等词，即如果这些名词作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数，考虑到整体的每一个成员，谓语动词用复数。

2，all+句子。原则同上。

3，the+adj，表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。表示抽象概念是，谓语动词用单数，大多数情况下，表示一类人。

七）主语名词决定原则。即谓语动词由主语中的名词决定。

1，any，more，some，half，most，all，none....+ of 做主语时，或者这些词直接加名词做主语时，谓语动词往往与这个名词相一致。如果名词是可数名词单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。如果名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数。

2，a+单数名词+or two做主语时，谓语动词用单数；one or two +复数做主语时，谓语动词用复数。

3，means，works 等单复数通行的词作主语时，如果前面有each，every，no，either，neither等表示单数概念的词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如果由all，both，some，any等表示复数概念的词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。

4，分数，百分比+of+名词做主语时，谓语动词与of后的名词保持一致。

5，a number of +名词，谓语动词用复数。The number of +名词，谓语动词用单数。

6，the rest 引导的句子，如果只剩下一个，谓语动词用单数。如果剩余两个或两个以上，谓语动词用复数。

7，在句子中，真正的主语可以被of，in，at，on等介词引导的定语所修饰，在做定语从句等相关的题目时，要找出句子真正的主语或先行词，不要被这些介词所引导的定语所迷惑。

另：插入语和反义疑问句。

    插入语

一个句子中间插入一个成分,它不作句子的何种成分,也不和句子的何种成分发生结构关系,同时既不起连接作用,也不表示语气,这个成分称之插入语。并不影响句子的使用。常见的插入句如下： I think / hope / expect / believe / suppose， I am sure （我可以肯定地说）， that is （ to say ）（也就是说），  what's more， what's worse， what is important / serious （重要 / 严重的是）， as we all know （众所周知）等。注意：I think / hope / expect / believe / suppose等结构在疑问句中为do you think / hope / expect / believe / suppose

反义疑问句

    大的原则：前半句为肯定句，反义疑问句就用否定。前半句为否定句，或者带有半否定词的句子，后半句反义疑问句则用肯定。

1．当陈述部分的主语是I，而句子又用来征询对方的意见时，附加疑问句中的主语用you。

2．如果陈述部分用I’m…结构，附加疑问部分一般用aren’t I。

3. 当陈述句为there be结构时，附加疑问句中的主语也用there。

4. 陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。

如果陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀，那么，该陈述部分作肯定处理，附加疑问部分一般仍用否定形式。

5. 当陈述部分为主从复合句时，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。

但当陈述部分的主语是I，谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect这类动词时，附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。

6．当陈述部分是并列句，附加疑问句则需和就近的分句的主语和谓语一致。

7．在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, won’t you, would you。

但是，以let’s开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句，如果含义是allow us，不包括听话人在内，疑问部分用will you。

8．当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用usedn’t或didn’t。

9．当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时，疑问部分用oughtn’t或shouldn’t。

10．当陈述部分含有had better时，疑问部分用had。

in advance 事先；提前                                                         

on purpose 故意

adjust to (使)适应于，把...调节到           

apply for 申请，请求

assign to 指派，选派                         

attempt at 企图，努力

attribute to 把...归因于，归咎于              

belong to属于
benefit from 受益，获益                                                          

burst out + V-ing 爆发，突然发作
catch up with 赶上                            

combine with 结合，联合，化合
concentrate on 集中，专心                     

cope with 对付，应付

count on 倚靠，指望                          

deal with 处理，论述，涉及
dedicate to 奉献，把...用在                  

depend on/upon 依靠，信赖，取决于
differ from 不同                              

engage in 使从事于，使忙于
equip with 装备，配备                                                              

exchange for 交换，调换，兑换
figure out 计算出；领会到                     

find out 查明，发现
focus on (使)聚焦，(使)集中                   

hear of/about 听到      

hear from 收到...的(来信)
can/could not help +V-ing 禁不住，忍不住
hinder from 阻止，妨碍                                                      

  involve in 卷入，陷入；牵涉，包含

leave behind 留下，忘记带                    

major in 主修，专攻

object to 反对，不赞成                      

 persist in 坚持不懈，执意；持续

plunge into 纵身投入，跳入；猛冲；                            

 point out 指出
remind sb. of sth. 使想起                   

remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事

resort to 求助；诉诸于，采取，凭借                                 

respond to 响应，回答

result in 导致，结果是

select from 挑选，选择

separate from (使)分离；(使)分开
settle down 定居；解决，调停

share with 分与，分派，分配，分享，共用

specialize in 擅长于，专门研究，专攻

suffer from 忍受，遭受；使痛苦，患病；

switch off 切断，(用开关)关掉
switch on 接通，(用开关)开起

affect v.影响，传染，感动

effort n.努力

effect n.结果，影响

effective adj.有效的；卓有成效

apply v.申请

application n.申请书

applicant n.申请人

aware adj.意识到的，知道的

unaware adj.没有意识到的（反义词）

appreciate v.欣赏，感谢，正确评价

appreciation n.欣赏，感谢

benefit n.益处，好处 v.有益于，受益

campus n.（大学）校园

candidate n.候选人，报考者，申请者

capable adj.有能力的，能干的

career n.职业，生涯，经历

case n.案例，情况，事实，病例

challenge n.挑战，艰巨任务 v.挑战，要求试

common adj.共同的

character n.性格

chase v./n.追逐，追求，寻觅

contract v.收缩，缩小 n.合同，契约

cheat v./n.欺骗，作弊，骗子，欺骗行为

check v./n.检查，核对 n.支票

circumstance n.情况，形势，境遇

complain v.抱怨，申诉

complaint n.抱怨，申诉，疾病

 

compete v.竞争，比赛

competition n.比赛，竞争

competitive adj.竞争激烈的；充满竞争的

 

convenient adj.方便的，舒适的

convenience n.便利，方便，公共厕所

 

create v.创造，产生

credit n.信贷，信任 v.信任

crisis n.危机，决定性时刻，转折点（pl.crises）

critical adj.决定性的，批判的，危急的

criticize/-ise v.批评，评论，指责

cultivate v.栽培，培养，耕作

culture n.文化，教养

curiosity n.好奇心

custom n.习惯，风俗

customer n.顾客

 

direction n.方向，方位

disappear v.不见，消失

disaster n.灾难，大祸

discourage v.使气馁，阻碍

emotion n.情感，激情，情绪

emphasis v./n.强调，重点

 

encourage v.鼓励，激励

enforce v.实施，生效，强迫，执行，加强

enlarge v.扩大，扩展，详述

ensure v.保证，担保，确定

enable v.是能够，使有能力

enrich v.使丰富

contrast...with... 把……与……相对(对照)

in contrast to/with和……形成对比

by contrast对比之下

 

 

take sth. under control(被)控制住        

out of control无法控制

 

be convenient to/for对……方便

cope with(＝deal with，try to find a solution to)应付，处理

at all costs不惜任何代价

at the cost of以……为代价

emerge from(＝appear，become known)出现，暴露(问题，意见等)

end up with以……而结束

engage in或be engaged in忙于，从事

be equipped with装备有，装有

 

except(＝but)除了

except for(＝apart from)除……以外

be good for对……有好处；对……有作用 

be good at擅长于；

be good to对……好

 

take...for granted(＝assume to be true)

把……认为理所当然的

be in the habit of习惯于

get (fall) into the habit of养成了……的习惯

live from hand to mouth勉强度日，现挣现吃

at heart(＝in reality)内心里，实际上

in one's heart(of hearts)内心深处，事实上

by heart(＝by memory)熟记，背(诵)

with all one's heart全心全意地，真心实意

 

be ignorant of(＝lacking knowledge)对……不了解，不知道

make (leave)an impression on sb.

＝give sb.an impression给……留下印象

make the most (use)of充分利用 gift  talent

by nature天生的，生来

in nature本质上 natural

 

name after用……的名字命名

none other than不是别人，正是……

nothing but只有，不过……而已

 

it occurs to sb.that...某人想到……

 

all at once(＝suddenly，now)立即，马上

once in a while(＝occasionally)偶尔

in order井井有条，处于良好状态；

out of order(＝in bad condition)出毛病，发生故障

 

participate in(＝take part in)参加

be patient with对……耐心

perform on the piano(＝play the piano)演奏钢琴

persist in坚持，固执

 

in person亲自，当面

come to the point谈主要问题

there is no point in doing sth.没必要做某事

point at(＝indicate，direct attention)指着

point out(＝indicate，show)指出，指明

popular with/among大众所喜爱的，拥戴

 

resort to诉诸于……，求助于…… 

resort to force诉诸于武力

 

respond to对……反应，响应，对(药)有效

in response to(＝as an answer to)回答，反应

be responsible for对……负责，是造成……原因

result in(＝cause)导致

with the result that其结果是

in return(for)作为报答；以报答(for)

get rid of摆脱，去掉，除去

be in the right正确的； 

in the wrong错误的

give rise to(＝lead to)引起，导致

 

at the risk of(＝with danger of)冒……的风险

 

for the sake of(＝for the good or advantage of)为了……起见

be satisfied with满意

on a large scale大规模地

 

 

on schedule 按时，准时

ahead of schedule提前；in advance预先；

behind schedule落后于计划进度，晚于规定时间

 

in search of寻找；

in honor of为了表示对……敬意；

in memory of为了纪念……；

in pursuit of追求……；

on behalf of代表……的利益；

in favor of赞成……；

in season 旺季 

in secret秘密地； in private私下

 

share sth.with与……分享，分担，分摊，共用

be sorry about/for懊悔的，后悔的，难过的

specialize in专门研究，专攻

in spite of(＝despite)尽管

 

stick to粘着，坚持 

stick to one's friend忠于朋友

stick at(＝continue to work hard at)继续勤奋地致力于……；

stick at one's books勤奋读书

 

be strict with对……严格要求

be/go on strike罢工

suffer from患……病；受……苦痛

be suitable for(＝fit)适合……的

be surprised at对……惊奇；

take...by surprise使……惊奇；

to one's surprise使某人惊奇

in good taste大方，得体；(反意)  

in bad taste小家子气

 

in terms of(＝with regard to；respectively)按照，根据，在……方面

think of(＝have the idea of)想到；(＝consider)考虑；(＝remember)想起

on second thoughts经再三考虑之后

at the thought of一想到……

 

for the time being(＝temporarily)暂时

in time (for)及时     on time准时

at no time无论何时也不……     

in on time(＝very quickly)立即，马上

at times(＝occasionally)间或，时常    

at all times(＝always)始终，总是

be in use (＝be used)被使用；

be out of use(＝be on longer used)不再被使用

 be used to＋V-ing 习惯于     used to＋动词原形(过去常常做)

 in vain(＝uselessly)徒劳

be in the way(＝obstructive)碍事，阻碍

by way of(＝by going through)经由，取道

by the way(＝in addition)顺带地(转移话题)

in no way无论怎样也不……

in a way从某种程度上说

 

against one's will违心地，违背意愿地

in a word总之；

in other words换言之；

have a word with sb.谈一谈；

have words with sb.争吵；

hav the last word有决定权

专升本英语复习资料

I. Vocabulary and Structure

三）Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______at the party.

A. had left, arrived                                      B. left, had arrived

       C. had left, had arrived                                D. left, arrived

四）Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the nation.

A. has left        B. is to leave         C. leaves             D. is to be left

五）The work ______ by the time you get here.

    A. will have been done                                B. is done

    C. had been done                                         D. would have done

六）It ______ for a week and the streets were flooded.

    A. has rained                                              B. was rained

    C. had been raining                                          D. should have rained

三、Sorry, but we cannot go to San Diego. Our cousins ____ to see us next Sunday.

A. come                 B. are coming        C. have come          D. came

四、The bus is late and Julie is cold. She ____ for the bus for 10 minutes.

A. waits           B. waited                 C. has been waiting           D. has waited

五、All of us think it difficult to ______ the difference between the two things.

A. talk                      B. speak                     C. lecture                     D. tell

六、George is so ______ in debt that he is afraid to show up in the pub in case he meets his six creditors.

A. involved            B. concentrated        C. devoted           D. concerned

七、A new situation is likely to ______ when the school leaving age is raised to 16.

A. rise                B. arise              C. happen                D. raise

八、Be quiet! It's rude to ______ people when they are speaking.

   A. interfere          B. introduce               C. interrupt           D. prevent

九、The music adviser taught her how to ______ a song to find its mood and meaning.

A. compose         B. preserve          C. include           D. analyze

十、Rapid reading means reading something fast just to ______ the general idea.

A. master           B. seize                   C. grasp                  D. imagine

十一、Finding it difficult to ______ to the climate in the city, he decided to move to the North.

    A. adopt                     B. adapt                    C. fit                           D. suit

十二、They built strong walls round the town as a ______ against the enemy.

    A. depend           B. defend               C. defeat               D. defense

十三、The students were not____to leave the classroom without an adequate reason.

    A. permitted         B. remitted               C. admitted                  D. emitted

十四、I don’t think it is easy to ______ your weight if keep on eating that way.

    A. decrease          B. reduce                  C. decline                 D. shorten

十五、The guide is ____ a line of tourists through the narrow passage with the help of his torch.

A.concluding         B.containing          C.conducting          D.conquering

十六、It _______ the village where we spent our holidays last summer.

A. reminds me of        B. reminds me to      C. remembers me of D. remembers me to

十七、It’s too expensive for me. I can’t _______it.

A. spend             B. cost                   C. pay                      D. afford

十八、I didn’t know what to do but then an idea suddenly______ to me.

A. happened          B. entered               C. occurred              D. hit

21.   Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to ______ any further responsibilities.

                                A. take on            B. bring on         C. get on          D. carry out

22.   Dear, do send the children to bed. I can't _______their noise any longer.

A. put off            B. put up           C. stand up         D. put up with

23.   Will you please ______ my parcel at the post-office as you pass?

A. pick out           B. pick up          C. take out         D. take up

24.   In making such models, skills as well as thorough knowledge of plant structure are ______.

A. called on          B. called up         C. called for        D. called in

25.   The little boy ______ his hiding place when he coughed.

                                                                   A. gave away        B. gave up    C. got away                     D. got in

26.   None of us expected the chairman to ______ at the party. We thought he was still in hospital.

A. turn in            B. turn up                 C. turn over                       D. turn down

27.   When he heard the bad news, he ______ completely.

    A. broke away                  B. broke up          C. broke down                  D. broke out

28.   If I had more time, I would ____ golf as a hobby.

A.take in                 B.take on              C.take up                       D.take over

29.   Would you like me ______ the radio a bit?

A. turning down        B. turned down       C. turn down                   D. to turn down

30.   Since the road is wet this morning, ______ last night.

A. it must have rained    B. it must rain    C. it must be raining    D. it must have been rained

31.   As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ______.

A. ought to be said       B. must say      C. have to be said      D. need to say

32.   You ______ all those calculations. We have a computer to do that sort of thing.

A. must not have done    B. should not have    C. can not have done    D. needn’t have done

33.   With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.

A. mustn’t go               B. wouldn’t go         C. oughtn’t go       D. shouldn’t have gone

34.   “I saw Mary in the library yesterday.”   “You _______her, she is still in hospital.”

A. mustn’t have seen     B. could not see    C. can’t have seen        D. must not see

35.   He regretted ______ the decision so hastily.

A. make                         B. making             C. to make                  D. have made

36.   The speech which he made ______ the project has bothered me greatly.

A. being concerned     B. concerning        C. be concerned      D. concerned

37.   --- “ Joe doesn’t seem like the same person.”

       ---“______so much in the war has made him more thoughtful.”

A. To have seen               B. Having seen    C. His seeing            D. For him to see

38.   He had no choice but ______ to see him.

A. to go              B. went           C. going           D. go

39.   Although young, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.

    A. to be told        B. having been told      C. to have been told       D. being told

40.   No matter how frequently ______, the works of Beethoven always attract a large audience.

    A. performing        B. performed            C. to be performed          D. being performed

41.   The music was so ______ that the audience were ______ to death.

A. boring .. bored     B. bored … boring       C. bored  …bored       D. boring  … boring

42.   When he came back after an absence of 20 years, he found his hometown completely ______.

A. changing         B. to be changed       C. to change                     D. changed  

43.   Some of the experiments ______ in the book are easy to perform.

A. being described    B. described             C. to be described     D. having been described

44.   I really appreciate ______ to help me, but I am sure that I can manage by myself.

A. you to offer       B. that you offer     C. your offering       D. that you are offering

45.   He should get used by now ______ Chinese food.

A. to eating               B. to eat                     C. for eating               D. eating

46.   The manager promised to keep me ______ of how our business was going on.

A. to be informed       B. on informing      C. informed           D. informing

47.   No one thought that John’s suggestion was worth ______ .

    A. to consider         B. considering           C. to be considered      D. of consideration

48.   The young man got his motor bicycle tyre ______ early this morning.

    A. changed                B. change                   C. changing                D. be changed

49.   ______ enough money, they decided to call off the construction project.

    A. Not to have raised     B. Not raising     C. Having not raised    D. Not having raised

50.   While reading the newspaper, ______.

 A. a colorful advertisement caught my eyes  

 B. my attention was attracted by an advertisement

 C. I was attracted by a colorful advertisement 

 D. What attracted my eyes was a colorful advertisement

51.   Weighing seven hundred pounds, ______.

A. she could not move the piano                   B. the piano should not be moved

C. the piano was too heavy for her to move          D. the piano was unable to move

52.   The factory is said ______ last month.

A. to have gone into production             B. to go into production

       C. to be gone into production               D. to be going into production

53.   ______ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.

A. The girl was educated                          B. The girl educated

C. The girl to be educated                            D. The girl’s being educated 

54.   Having plenty of time, ______ .

    A. we needn’t to have hurried                          B. there was no need for us to hurry

C. we didn’t need to hurry                               D. hurrying was not necessary

55.   ______, little John did not reply.

    A. When being asked what his name was       B. When asked what his name was

    C. When his name was asked                D. When he is asked what is his name

56.   With its expensive furniture and carefully ____ color scheme, the room looked quite luxurious.

A.choose                    B.chose                      C.chosen                    D.choosing

57.   Time ____, we will arrange for the tourists to visit two or three more remote spots of culture value.

A.permits                   B.permitting               C.permitted                D.to be permitted

58.   All the afternoon he worked in his study with the door ______.

A. to lock                    B. locking                    C. lock                        D. locked

59.   The garden requires ________.

A. watering                  B. being watered          C. to water                   D. having watered

60.   We have cooperated well with them many years for the shared ______.

A. honour            B. reward            C. benefit            D. prize

61.   I took the medicine, but it didn’t have any ______ on me.

A. effect              B. relation                 C. touch              D. affect

62.   He said that he’d like to take ______ of this opportunity to co-operate with you.

A. benefit                     B. advantage                 C. profit                       D. occasion

63.   The new nurse does not have much _____ in taking care of patients.

A. experience                B. regret                   C. desire                      D. talent 

64.   Electricity, like other forms of ______, has greatly increased in price.

A. strength           B. force                        C. power                 D. energy

65.   Will you be taking my previous experience into ______ when you fix my salary?

A. possession         B. scale                         C. mind                       D. account

66.   I suggest that you put the dangerous things out of the children’s ______.

A. control            B. reach                       C. order                       D. sight

67.   When we had finished dinner, George asked waiter to bring him the ______.

A. tip                           B. cost                           C. menu                              D. bill

68.   My father was born in Germany and still speaks English with a German ______.

    A. pronunciation           B. accent              C. relative                    D. sound

69.   They have always been on good        with their next-door neighbors.

    A. terms                       B. friendship                    C. relations                 D. connection

70.   Grandma told the story in a very sad ____ and we were all moved.

A. tune                      B. tongue                   C. tone                           D. ton

71.   The telegram was based on information from a ______ source.

A. recent                       B. reliable                        C. rare                   D. private

72.   His health is ______.

A. as poor, if not poor than, his sister               B. poor as his sister’s if not poor

C. as poor as if not poorer than, his sister’s         D. as poor, if not poorer than sister’s

73.   The kite flew ______ in the sky and everyone spoke ______ of it.

A. high…highly      B. highly…highly      C. high…high             D. highly…high

74.   “Does your wife regret paying six hundred dollars for the fashionable dress?”

       “Not at all. She would gladly have paid ______ for it”

       A. twice so much     B. twice as much    C. as much twice     D. so much twice

75.   Petrol is manufactured from the ____oil we take out of the ground.

A. raw                      B. rough                     C. tough                     D. crude

76.   You are making me ____with your stories of how hard the examination is.

A. normal                  B. negative                 C. nervous            D. neutral

77.   I’ll come with you ______ we don’t stay late. I need to be up early tomorrow.

A. even I                    B. as long as            C. so that                    D. now that

78.   Even after I washed the coat, it still had some ______ marks on it.

A. weak              B. familiar                  C. faint               D. regular

79.   Everyone in the room remained ______.

A. happily and friendly   B. orderly and kindly  C. happily and kindly   D. orderly and friendly

80.   Some people think ______ about their rights than about their duties.

A. much more          B. as much           C. too much      D. many more

81.   Apples are ______ in summer and cost a lot.

A. rare                B. scarce      C. common       D. unusual

82.   In the future she hopes to go ______ for further studies.

A. away                        B. abroad                         C. outside                     D. far

83.   The new_____machine is a great help in the production of this factory.

A. adequate                    B. sufficient                     C. efficient                      D. effective

84.   Little John caught a ______ fish this morning.

A. alive                B. alone            C. lonely               D. living

85.   The football match was televised ____ from the Berlin Olympic Stadium.

A live                               B alive                C living           D lively

86.   The more fruits and vegetables you eat,  ____ chance of getting cancer you have.

A little                       B less                 C the less          D the least

87.   He’s ______ to know the answer.

A. likely                          B. probable           C. maybe                D. probably

88.   It isn’t quite ______ that he will he present at the meeting.

A. right                   B. sure                 C. certain                    D. exact

89.   The examination I took yesterday wasn’t very difficult, but it was ______ long.

    A. much rather        B. so much       C. too much        D. much too

90.    It may rain, but I shall go out______; I don’t mind the rain.

    A. anywhere         B. anyhow           C. however         D. nevertheless

91.    He had not ______ made up his mind what attitude to adopt towards her.

    A. as yet               B. as well                C. as usual         D. as though

92.    I pulled the handle _______I could.

A. so hardly as         B. as hardly as               C. so hard as       D. as hard as

93.    He is so shy that he _______ speaks in the public.

A. often               B. frequently       C. seldom            D. sometimes

94.    The story of Mary is merely ______ of a poor farmer.

A. one              B. that            C. those           D. which

95.    The second-hand car was not worth ______.

A. much that       B. that much all      C. all that much       D. much all that

96.    _____of them knew about the plan because it was a secret.

A. Some               B. Any                 C. No one                    D. None

97.    My car is not so fashionable as ______.

A. he’s                 B. he                    C. his                          D. his’

98.    ______ Tom ______ Mary can help me, for they are very busy.

A. Both; and              B. Neither; nor          C. whether; or     D. Either; or

99.    Do you know any other foreign language ______ English?

A. except                   B. but                        C. besides                   D. beside

100.With five hungry children seated around the table, the food disappeared ______.

A. in no time       B. at no time         C. ahead of time      D. from time to time

101.  There is a very big bridge ______ the river.

A. above                   B. on                         C. over                       D. below

102.  The chairman signed the document ______ the company.

    A. instead of              B. on behalf of            C. in place of              D. in case of

103.      It’s about 400 mm rain in this area a year ______.

A. above all               B. of all                C. for average         D. on average

104.      In many schools, students don’t have sufficient access ______ the library.

A. to                            B. of                      C. into                       D. about

105.      The traditional approach ______with complex problems is to break them down into smaller ones.

A. in dealing             B. to dealing            C. dealing               D. to deal

106.      The flyover at the crossing on the 6th ring road is now ____ construction.

A. under             B. in                          C. at                          D. with

107.      It’s the first turning ______ the left after the traffic lights.

A. by                   B. in                           C. on                           D. for

108.      I know nothing about him ______he is a teacher.

A. besides             B. in addition                      C. except for               D. except that

109.      The heavy snow could not keep us ______ going out to work.

A. from               B. on                           C. upon                      D. up

110.      Jack works so hard as he dreams _____owning his own house soon.

A. to                    B. of                           C. with                        D. on

111.      I suppose I can count _____you for help in this matter.

A. of                    B. on                           C. at                            D. to

112.      It was difficult for him to buy good shoes because he had such a big _____of feet.

A. pair                 B. size                         C. couple                     D. number

113.      It was raining again, ______ is very bad for our crops.

A. it                          B. that                        C. what               D. which

114.      I have two brothers, both ______ are doctors.

A. of which               B. of them                  C. of whom                D. who

115.      ______ doesn’t matter ______ they will come to the meeting next month.

    A. It, whether            B. That, whether         C. If it, who               D. Whether, it

116.      The City Football Team, ______ , meets every other day.

    A. which I am a member                              B. of which I am a member

    C. that I am a member                                                                  D. of that I am a member

117.      Our factory is much more productive now. This year’s production is five times ______ it was ten years ago.

    A. what          B. that          C. than           D. as

118.      This is the most difficult book ______ .

    A. what I have ever read                              B. which I have ever read

    C.I have ever read it                                    D. that I have ever read

119.      In order to search for the escaped prisoner, the police decide to question _____ comes along this road.

      A. who         B. whom                     C. whoever            D. whomever

120.      The truth is that it is only by studying history ______ we can learn what to expect in the future.

A. that                      B. and then               C. by which                D. through which

121.      The people, ______ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.

A. all their homes                                    B. of all whose homes

C. all of whose homes                                D. all of their homes

122.      He has made another wonderful discovery, ______ of great importance to science and man.

A. which I think is      B. which I think it is    C. of which I think it is    D. I think which is

123.      A new television program teaches children ______ can and should think about career development.

A. what                 B. that they       C. both              D. whom they

124.      The chairman requested that ______.

A. the members should have studied the problem more carefully

B. the problem were more carefully studied

 C. the problem could be studied with more care

D. the members study the problem more carefully                        

125.      Another advantage of the mass media is ______ it gives people the information they need in their daily lives.

A. what                B. whether        C. whenever      D. that

126.      They showed us around the factory ______ is equipped with modern machines.

A. in that               B. which                C. in which           D. what

127.      ______ as much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not used proved to be false.

    A. The estimate                             B. It is estimated that

C. They are estimated                        D. The estimate that

128.      Do you know ______ ?

A. what time the movie starts                      B. what time starts the movie

C. when does the movie start                      D. the movie what time starts

129.      Perhaps the days will come ____ people will be able to breathe clean air in cities.

A. as                       B. when              C. while              D. sine

130.      To my surprise, ____ turned out that Susan failed in the examination.

A. this                       B. what               C. it                    D. as

131.      Jenny is the only one of the grade who ____ selected to school fashion-show team.

A. is                          B. are                        C. has                 D. have

132.      He told her nothing, ______upset her.

A. that                         B. for which        C. about which             D. which

133.      The reason ______I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Saturday.

A. because                   B. why                 C. for                          D. as

134.      Such a device ______ he was given proved almost worthless.

A. as                           B. like                  C. that                         D. which

135.      Hardly had we arrived home ______ we all sat down to rest.

    A. than                      B. then                       C. when                     D. until

136.      ____ when he saw his wife’s face did Tom realize the true meaning of her remark.

A. Just                  B. Never            C. Usually                       D. Only

137.      ______, he failed in the examination.

A. Although he didn’t work so hard as usual              B. As he worked harder than usual

C. Hard as he worked                                       D. Having worked harder than usual

138.      Usually scientists test a theory for a while ______ they accept it as true.

    A. before                      B. after                   C.  when                     D. because

139.      The students didn’t manage to work out the problem ______ their teacher had explained how.

A. when             B. until           C. unless            D. as

140.      --- Could I borrow your dictionary?

     --- I’d get it for you ______ I could remember who last borrowed it.

A. except that      B. unless                  C. only if                       D. if only      

141.      I knew him better, _______ I discovered that my impression had been right.

A. which               B. as                       C. until                        D. unless

142.      Watch your step， _____ you might fall into the water.

A. or                     B. and                   C. unless                      D. but

143.      He is ______ strong a man ______ he can lift ten stones like this one.

A. such…so             B. such…that                C. so…that                 D. so a…for

144.      It’s a pity that we should stay at home when we have ______ weather.

A. so fine         B. so fine a                   C. such a fine              D. such fine

145.      In the nuclear power station we use ______ generator ______ is used in the common steam power station.

A. the same … as        B. such … as              C. so … as        D. as … as

146.      If the city had built more homes for the poor in 1990, the housing problems in that area now ______ so serious.

A. wouldn’t have been   B. wouldn’t be      C. will not have been    D. shouldn’t have been

147.      The manager recommended that that the product exhibition ______ early next month.

A. are to be held            B. will be held      C. be held                    D. must be held

148.      ______ do it myself than try to persuade such a silly fellow like him.

    A. I’d like          B. I’d like to             C. I’d better           D. I’d rather     

149.      It is essential that the application form ______ before Friday morning.

A. shall be handed in                                   B. be handed in

C. will be handed in                                    D. must be handed in

150.      If I had a bike, I ______ it to you yesterday.

A. would have lent       B. would lend      C. would have lend   D. could lend

151.      Jean thinks that if she ______ her job she probably wouldn’t be able to earn so much.

    A. would have to change     B. were to change     C. has changed     D. could have changed

152.      Everybody has arrived. It’s time we ______ .

    A. would start            B. shall start               C. started                    D. had start

153.      Frankly speaking, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.

    A. didn’t do           B. have done       C. don’t do           D. haven’t done

154.      Most people come to realize that it is about time the government ______ further measures to control the population.

    A. must take             B. is taking        C. takes          D. took

155.      Only by shouting at the top of his voice ______.

A. he was able to make himself hear            B. he was able to make himself heard

C. was he able to make himself heard            D. was he able to make himself hear

156.      Hardly ______ his speech when he saw the audience rise as one.

A. had he finished    B. did he finish      C. he finished             D. he had finished

157.      Linda _______ at the dance tonight, nor will Peter.

A. can’t be            B. will be             C. may not be                     D. won’t be

158.      They have sent all the invitations to their relatives and friends, ______?

A. have they                 B. did they    C. haven’t they                   D. didn’t they

159.      You never told us why you were late for the party, _______?

A. weren’t you                    B. did you            C. had you            D. didn’t you

160.      “_______ lately? I have not seen you for quite some time.”

A. Where were you gone                           B. Where did you go

C. Where were you going                          D. Where have you been

II. Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are 12 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

Passage One

This is not the world we know. This world is controlled by computers. Men and women can be seen, but they are following orders given to them by machines. The machines were designed by mad scientists, but at some point even the mad scientists were taken over by their super-inventions.

    Does this sound familiar? You have probably read something like it in magazines or books, or seen it in a film. Why is it so popular? One of the reasons is that it reflects the fears of many people; fear of the unknown, fear of what is not understood or, at least, fear of something that is not completely understood.

    The fact is that every day it seems that computers take control of another area of our lives. Some factory jobs are now done by robots and the robots are controlled by computers. Our bank accounts are managed by computers. At the airport, our tickets are sold by a computer. Certainly, many of these operations are made more efficient by computers, but our admiration is sometimes mixed with unsafe feelings. And this lack of safety is caused by the fact that we do not know how computers do these things, and we really don’t know what they might do next.

But we can find out how computers work, and once we understand them, we can use computers instead of worrying about being used by them. Today, there is a new generation of computer wizards (奇才) who know exactly how computers get things done. These young men and women, usually university students, are happy to sit for hours, sometimes for days, designing programs, not eating, not sleeping, but discovering what can be done by these wonderful slaves which they have learned to control. These computer wizards have learned to use the computer and search for new tasks for their machines.

161. We can know that the scientists who designed the machines _____________.

A. are careless in their daily life                         B. are unkind and cruel

C. are out of their mind                                    D. have great abilities

162. The reason why many people are afraid of computers is that ____________.

    A. they don't know anything about computers      B. they haven't really understood computers

    C. there are so many computer games                 D. computers are often down

163. The author mentions computer wizards in order to point out that ____________.

      A. computers can be controlled by man

      B. there should be more people devoted to computers

      C. only young people are interested in computers

D. more time and energy is required to control computers

164. This passage is probably written to suggest that ____________.

      A. some day computers can deal with all human problems

      B. computers can be used in place of traveling to our jobs

      C. people should not fear computers

D. computer technology will not meet people’s needs in various situations

165. The author's attitude (态度) towards widely used computers is_________.

A. positive                 B. anxious                 C. worried              D. curious

Passage Two

Knowledge is power. But there is another thing we must remember. An intelligent mind needs a strong body to make it most useful.

There are a great many good exercises for building up our bodies. Many of them may be done indoors in rainy weather. Indoor exercises, however, are never as helpful as those taken out of doors because in the open air there is more oxygen. The air in the house is not fresh. But out of doors it is very fresh, especially in the morning.

But what shall we play? There are a number of games such as football, basketball, races and so on. Any game with plenty of exercises is good.

Do not neglect your health. It is of as much importance as your mind. Our country now needs people with creative minds, good judgment, and healthy bodies.

166. One who has an intelligent mind is ______ .

A. very strong               B. very healthy          C. very clever           D. very stupid

167. “An intelligent mind needs a strong body to make it useful.” means ______ .

    A. if you want to make your strong body useful, you must have an intelligent mind

    B. in order to make your intelligent mind useful, you must have a strong body

    C. to make your strong mind and strong body most useful you need a strong body

    D. if you have a strong body you will have a strong mind

168. Which of the following statements is true?

    A. Indoor exercises are as helpful as outdoor ones.

    B. Indoor exercises are no more helpful than outdoor exercises.

    C. Neither indoor exercises nor outdoor exercises are helpful.

    D. Outdoor exercises are more helpful than indoor ones.

169. The air in the house does not remain fresh very long. It’s because ______.

    A. the fresh air can’t come into the house

    B. there is only a little fresh air coming in and a little waste going out

    C. the air in the house can’t move at all

    D. the house gives off wastes

170. Our country now ______ with creative minds, good judgment and healthy bodies.

    A. needs men and women       B. only needs men

    C. only needs scientists         D. does not need women but men

Passage Three

Survival is an art. Survivors are artists. The best acting is done in daily life, not on the stage. My late uncle Sir Alexander Korda, the motion-picture producer who could “charm money out of an empty safe”, was a gifted survivor.

Once, a group of investors called him in to complain that he had lost 5 000 000 of their money. Most men would have tried to defend themselves. Alex did not. “You are right,” he said quietly, “I have been wasteful, and careless. I have chosen the wrong scripts, paid too little attention to the budgets. I am too old for this business. I will retire. I only hope you will forgive me.”

Within an hour, the investors were busy encouraging Alex, cheering him up. It was out of the question for him to resign; they wouldn’t hear it. And by lunchtime, Alex had 2 000 000 more of their money and was back in the action again. When I asked him if he was happy about it, he said, “No. They would have put up three or four million, I think. Still, it’s a good lesson for you to learn. Always settle for less than you could get. It doesn’t hurt to have a reputation as a gentleman.”

171. According to the author, Sir Alexander Korda is an excellent artist because ______.

A. he is a motion-picture producer    B. he knows well about how to survive

    C. he had a gift to act in the movie    D. he can get large amounts of money from investors

172. The phrase to “charm money out of an empty safe” in the context means      .

    A. to put all your money to your savings account

    B. to draw your money back if it is not in a safe place

    C. to avoid wasting money if you have an empty pocket

    D. to be able to get money even if it looks impossible

173. What would most probably have happened if Sir Alexander Korda had defended himself？

    A. He would resign and live miserably.     B. He would be considered a gentleman.

    C. The investors would not forgive him.    D. The investors would give him more money.

174. Alex did not defend himself because       .

    A. he hoped to have a happier life         B. his nature prevented him from doing so

    C. he wanted to test if he could give the best acting

    D. he knew the way to cope with the investors

175. Alex was not happy with the settlement because       .

    A. he thought he could have got more from the investor  B. he didn’t teach the author a good lesson

    C. he didn’t like the way he behaved                D. he lost his reputation as a gentleman

Passage Four

Time is the biggest problem of most students. It becomes particularly difficult when you have to do library research for a term paper or report. Finding information in the library can take so much time that many students avoid it until the last possible minute.

Library research does not have to be time consuming. If you learn to use a library efficiently, you can save yourself a great deal of time. The exercises in this section are designed to familiarize you with the library so that you can find the information you need quickly.

The first and the most important thing to know about a library is that when you cannot find something, ask a librarian for help. The librarians are paid not just to shelve books, but to provide information and assistance. The most helpful librarians are usually those who work in the reference room. They will help you get started on a term paper and even help you find material. There are two basic places to begin looking for information, the card catalog and the various periodical indexes. The card catalog is a list of all the books in the library. A periodical index is a list of all the magazine and journal articles written on any subject.

176. According to the author, finding information in the library needs a lot of time, so students should ______.

    A. avoid it until the last possible minute         B. do library research

    C. learn how to use it efficiently               D. save a great deal of time

177. It is the librarians’ duty to do all the following things except______.

    A. arranging and lending books                B. helping students locate the needed books

    C. helping students find needed materials        D. helping students write their term paper

178. In what way could a student get familiarized with the library while reading this section?

    A. By doing the exercises provided.            B. By asking the librarians.

    C. By looking into the catalog part.            D. By reading in the reference room.

179. If you need to find a magazine article in the library, the best way for you to do is to ______.

    A. look in the card catalog                   B. look in the periodical indexes

    C. search through the bookshelves             D. go to the reference room 

180. The passage is taken from an introduction of a chapter, and the title of the chapter is probably ______.

    A. Save Your Study Time                    B. Using the Library for Your Term Paper

    C. Using the Library Efficiently               D. Library--- An Information Source

Passage Five

     Every year just after Christmas the January Sales start. All the shops reduce their prices and for two weeks, they are full of people looking for bargains. My husband and I do not normally go to the sales as we don’t like crowds and in any case are short of money as we have to buy lots of Christmas presents.

      Last year, however, I took my husband with me to the sales at the large shop in the center of London. We both needed some new clothes and were hoping to find a television set. When we got to Oxford Street, it was so crowded that we decided to split up and meet again at the underground station. So I left my husband and started looking around the shops. Unfortunately all the clothes were in very large sizes and so were not suitable for me. But I did buy a television at a very cheap price, so I felt quite pleased with myself.

     When I arrived at the station, my husband was not there. So I sat down in a nearby cafe to have a cup of tea. I quickly finished my tea when I saw my husband and went out to meet him. He looked very happy. Then I saw he was carrying a large and heavy cardboard box. “Oh, dear!” I thought. Yes, we had no new clothes but two televisions. We shall not be going to the sales again.

181. In January ____________.

A. lots of people go shopping for discount

B. people have a lot of money to spend after Christmas

C. all the shops close for a two-week Christmas holiday

D. people don’t have enough money to go looking for bargains

182. In this passage, the word “bargain” could best be replaced by “something_______”.

A. given to people                                           B. offered at a reduced price

C. offered，sold or bought which is expensive   D. sold for the purpose of reaching an agreement

183. The husband and wife in the story __________ .

A. wished to buy a TV                            B. went to the sales the year before

C. often went to the sales to buy clothes    D. were usually not short of money after Christmas

184. The phrase “split up” in the second paragraph means“_________”.

A. break apart     B. cause to break     C. become pieces     D. go indifferent directions

185. After their day’s shopping, they _________.

A. were happy with their bargains          B. had got everything they wanted

C. got more than they had hoped for D. had to go back to the sales the next day

Passage Six

In order to learn a foreign language well, it is necessary to overcome the fear of making mistakes. If the primary goal of language use is communication, then mistakes are secondary considerations that may be dealt with gradually as awareness of those mistakes increases. On the other hand, students should not ignore their mistakes. The language learner may observe how native speakers express themselves, and how native expressions differ from the way the learner might say them. For example, a Spanish speaker who has been saying “I do it” to express willingness to do something in the immediate future, could, by interacting with native speakers of English, observe that native speakers actually say “I’ll do it”. The resulting difference can serve as a basis for the student to modify his way of using the present tense in English. But a student who is unwilling to interact in the first place would lose this opportunity to learn by trial of an error.

186. According to the passage, the present tense in English is ______.

    A. not used to express a desire to do something in the immediate future

    B. used with some verbs but not with others to express future intention

    C. basically the same in English as it is in Spanish     

       D. speaking without regard for native speakers

187. According to the passage, language learners can reduce the number of their mistakes by______.

    A. asking native speakers for explanations            

B. reading good books in the foreign language

C. comparing their speech with that of native speakers   

D. learning through trial of an error

188. According to the passage, foreign language students who do not interact with native speaker will NOT ______.

A. learn very much about the foreign culture        

B. learn about the history of the foreign language

C. have to worry about making mistakes           

D. take advantage of available language models

189. According to the passage, foreign language students should not worry too much about making mistakes because _______.

A. native speakers like foreign students who try to learn their language

B. communication is the primary goal of language learning

    C. native speakers will ignore their mistakes

    D. everyone makes mistakes when trying to communicate in a strange language

190. The author's major conclusion about the function of mistakes in foreign language learning is that ______.

    A. mistakes are not important in the process of learning a language

    B. learners are often very afraid of making mistakes

    C. making mistakes can help the learner discover the rules of the language

    D. native speakers often do not tell foreign language learners about their mistakes

Passage Seven

I found my father a very hard man to understand when I was young. He was very short and thin and had large blue eyes. I could have loved him as I did my mother, but he seemed to hold us off so that we could not approach him or sit on his knee as love to do. I believe he had a hard life as a child, and I know that he left school at the age of ten and started to work. This made him an unsociable man, unfriendly even to the people closest to him. I never knew him to have a close friend as the other men did.

Everything he did had to be precise. If he chopped the sticks for the fire, each stick would be the same length and thickness as all the others, and they would all be stacked without one out of place. His motto was "If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well". In our household his word was law and nobody dared dispute it.

He worked hard when in a job and saw to it that we children learned the meaning of work. My mother did not have much pleasure but I do not remember her ever complaining ---except on Sunday afternoons when father would take off his clothes and get into bed, leaving her to mend his working clothes while he had his rest. This she disliked very much, for the clothes were dirty from the work he had been doing and she hated handling anything that was not clean.

191. The writer found it difficult to understand her father because he _____. 

    A. looked distant                  B. rejected affection

    C. ill-treated the family             D. hated keeping company with children

192. What did the writer think made her father unsociable?

    A. An unhappy childhood.           B. A lack of friends.

    C. No interest in hobbies.            D. Not smoking or drinking.

193. What was particular about the sticks for the fire?

    A. They were arranged in a pattern.    B. They were chopped in only one place.

    C. They were similar in length.        D. They all weighed the same.

194. The writer's father believed that ______.

    A. you should only do things for which you have the ability

    B. only important jobs are worth doing well         

C. you should only attempt worthwhile jobs

    D. anything you do should be done to your best ability

195. What did the writer's mother dislike about Sunday afternoons?

    A. Working while her husband rested.     

B. Repairing her husband's clothes.

C. Not being able to derive any pleasure from what she herself found delightful.

D. Touching unclean clothes.

Passage Eight

Have you ever wondered why different animals or pests have their particular colors? Colors in them seem to be used mainly to protect themselves.

Birds, especially seagulls, are very fond of locusts, but birds cannot easily catch locusts because locusts change their colors together with the change of the color of crops. When crops are green, locusts look green. But when crops are ripe, locusts take on exactly the same brown color as crops have. Some other pests with different colors from plants are usually easily found and eaten by their enemies. So they have to hide themselves in terror for lives and appear only at night.

If you study the animal life in any part of the world, you will find the main use of coloring is to protect themselves. Bears, wolves and other beasts move quietly through forests. They are usually invisible to the eyes of hunters, because they have the color much like the barks of trees.

An even stranger act remains to be noticed. A kind of fish living in seas can send out a kind of very black liquid when it faces danger. While the liquid spreads over, its enemies cannot find it, and it immediately swims away. Thus, it has existed up to now though it is not powerful at all.

196. This passage mainly talks about ______.

A. the change of color in locusts          B. the protective coloration of animals and pests

C. how a certain sea fish protects itself     D. animals or pests can dye themselves different colors

197. Locusts are not easily wiped out by their enemies because ______.

A. they are powerful enough              B. they are dangerous to their enemies

C. they take on the same colors as crops     D. they fly extraordinary fast

198. The pests that have different colors from plants usually appear at night because ______.

A. birds take their rest when night comes        

B. their enemies can easily find them and eat them 

C. they have the habit of coming out in darkness 

D. it’s easy for them to destroy plants in darkness

199. Bears and wolves have the same colors as barks of trees because ______.

A. they fear other beasts     B. they prefer brown or grey colors

C. they enjoy walking through forests quietly

D. the colors help prevent themselves from being noticed

200. A certain fish living in seas has lived through millions of tears because ______.

A. it is the most powerful in the sea  

B. it can swim much faster than any other fish

C. it can send out a kind of liquid which makes its enemies unable to find it

D. it can send out a kind of liquid which can kill its enemies

Passage Nine

Advertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times. In the business world of today, supply is usually greater than demand. There is great competition between different manufacturers of the same kind of product to persuade customers to buy their own particular brand. They always have to remind the consumer of the name and the qualities of their product. They do this by advertising. The manufacturer advertises in the newspapers and on posters. He sometimes pays for songs about his product in commercial radio programs. He employs attractive salesgirls to distribute samples of it. He organizes competitions, with prizes for the winners. He often advertises on the screens of local cinemas. Most important of all, in countries that have television he has advertisements put into programs that will accept them. Manufacturers often spend large sums of money on advertisements. We buy a particular product because we think that it is the best. We usually think so because of the advertisements that say so. Some people never pause to ask themselves if the advertisements are telling the truth.

201. How many kinds of advertisements are mentioned in the passage? 

    A. 7.                    B. 5.           C. 4.                       D. 8.

202. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

    A. Some people never have any doubts about what advertisements tell them.

    B. Great competition exists between different manufacturers of the same products.

    C. The customer usually demands more than the manufacturer can supply.

    D. The manufacturer wants to persuade customers to buy his own brand.

203. Which of the following advertisements is the most important one?

    A. Advertising in the newspapers.          

   B. Putting advertisements into TV programs.

    C. Distributing samples by attractive salesgirls.

  D. Organizing competitions with prizes for the winners.

204. The passage tells us that the customer usually buys a particular brand because he thinks that ______.

A. he can get a prize                                                           B. it is the cheapest

    C. there is great competition between customers for the same brand       D. it is the best

205. Which of the following can best be used as the title of the passage?

    A. Different Approaches to Advertising                 B. Supply and Demand

    C. The Manufacturer and the Customer                  D. The Negative Sides of Advertising

Passage Ten

It seems that beauty and women are twins. You are joking? No, I am not. Observe for yourself. Ads on fashion flood TV screens, radio programs, magazines, newspapers, and the streets. Whether they have realized or not, women are besieged （包围）by a sea of fashion. They are taught to think that without beautiful clothes they will grow old and lose their charm. So who dares to neglect dressing up at the cost of their appearance and youth?

But I do not agree with the opinion that women have to show their beauty through their looks. The richness of their mind proves to be more beautiful and attractive than their looks. A woman who has experienced many troubles and may be called “aunt” or “granny” can still maintain her beauty if she has such excellent qualities as knowledge, ability, a kind heart, great courage and concern for others.

In addition, old and young, beautiful and ugly are relative concepts（概念）. People who keep a young mind will never feel old. Curious about new things and eager to learn more, they keep up with the tide. Plainly dressed women may have a type of beauty, which is pure and real.

Reading and learning is the best way to keep one youthful. Good books are fertile（肥沃的）soil which can feed the flower of one’s heart and looks.

206. Why does the author say that beauty and women are twins?

A. Women are born to be beauties.

B. Women like to show off their beauty.

C. Women try to maintain their beauty by dressing up.

D. Women are proud of their beauty.

207. According to the author, in order to stay young and attractive, women should ______.

A. follow the fashion                                       B. dress up in beautiful clothes

C. do more exercises                                        D. enrich their mind

208. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. As a woman grows old, her beauty will gradually disappear.

B. However old she is, a woman with some excellent qualities can still maintain her beauty.

C. Even a plainly dressed woman may have pure and real beauty.

D. A woman with a young mind never feels old.

209. The word “relative” (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means _______.

A. similar                            B. comparative                     C. related                            D. independent

210. The author believes that ________.

A. women should lay more emphasis on their own qualities

B. beautiful clothes can make women more attractive

C. women have to show their beauty through their looks

D. women are more curious about new things than men

Passage Eleven

Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone, but that one's muscles also participate. It may be said that we think with our muscles in somewhat the same way that we listen to music with our bodies.

You surely are not surprised to be told that you usually listen to music not only with your ears but with your whole body. Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their bodies or, more specifically, some parts of their bodies. Often when one listens to a concert on the radio, he is tempted to direct the band even though he knows there is a competent conductor on the job.

Strange as this behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it. One cannot get all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates, so to speak, in its performance. The listener “feels” himself into the music with more or less pronounced motions of his body.

The muscles of the body actually participate in the mental process of thinking in the same way, but this participation is less obvious because it is less pronounced.

211. Some psychologists maintain that thinking is______.

A. not a mental process     

   B. more of a physical process than a mental action

    C. a process that involves the muscles as well as the whole body

    D. a process that involves the muscles as well as the brain

212. The process of thinking and that of listening are similar in that ______.

    A. both are mental acts                                      B. muscles participate in both processes

    C. both processes are performed by the entire body   D. we obtain equal enjoyment from them

213. The pronounced body motions are a listener’s way of ______.

    A. “feeling” the music                                        B. participating in the performance

    C. deriving enjoyment from the music                 D. all of the above

214. Body movements are necessary in order for the listener to ______.

    A. hear the music                                 B. appreciate the music

    C. train the muscle                                D. figure out the real meaning of a piece of music

215. The best title for this selection is _______.

    A. An Ear for Music                             B. Music Appreciation

C. How Muscles Participates in Mental Acts 

D. A Psychological Definition of the Thinking Process

Passage Twelve

The Red Cross is an international organization which cares for people who are in need of help. A man in a Paris hospital who needs blood, a woman in Mexico who was injured in an earthquake, and a family in India that lost their home in a storm may all be aided by the Red Cross.

The Red Cross exists in almost every country around the globe. The world Red Cross organizations are sometimes called the Red Crescent, the Red Mogen David, the Sun, and the Red Lion. All of these agencies share a common goal of trying to help people in need.

The idea of forming an organization to help the sick and wounded during a war started with Jean Henri Dunant. In 1859, he observed how people were suffering on a battlefield in Italy. He wanted to help all the wounded people regardless of which side they were fighting for. The most important result of his work was an international treaty called the Geneva Convention. It protects prisoners of war, the sick and wounded, and other citizens during a war.

The American Red Cross was set up by Clara Barton in 1881. Today the Red Cross in the United States provides a number of services for the public, such as helping people in need, teaching first aid, demonstrating water safety and artificial respiration, and providing blood.

216. A good title for this selection is ____.

    A. The International Red Cross               B. Safety at Home and School

    C. Clara Barton and the Sun                  D. The American Red Cross

217. The word “aided” in paragraph 1 means ______.

    A. reported            B. understood               C. caught               D. helped

218. The author really tries to make the reader see that this organization ______.

    A. costs very little money                  B. helps any people in need

    C. teaches first aid if necessary             D. gets into trouble

219. The person who started the idea of this organization was ______.

    A. Cross                B. Barton            C. Dunant              D. a prisoner of war

220. The American Red Cross aimed at ______.

    A. helping people in need

    B. teaching first aid, demonstrating water safety and artificial respiration

    C. providing blood for the sick and wounded     

    D. all of the above

III. Cloze

Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage has 10 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE answer that best completes the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Dr. William C Stokoe, Jr., was the chairman of the English Department at Gallaudet University. He saw the way deaf people communicated and was extremely  221 . He was a hearing person, and signs of the deaf were totally new to him.

Dr. Stokoe decided to propose a study of sign language. Many other teachers were not interested, and though Dr. Stokoe was   222   to think about studying sign language. Even deaf teachers were not very interested in the project. However, Dr. Stokoe did not give up.  223 , he started the Linguistics Research Program in 1957. Stokoe and his two deaf assistants, worked on this project during the summer and after school. The three researchers made films of deaf people signing. The deaf people in the film did not understand  224   the research about and were just trying to be nice to Dr. Stokoe. Many people thought the whole project was silly, but  225  agreed with Dr. Stokoe in order to please him.

Stokoe and his team studied the films of signing. They  226  the films and try to see patterns in the signs. The results of the research were  227 : the signs used by all of the signers followed certain linguistic rules.

Dr. Stokoe was the first linguist to test American Sign Language as a real language. He published the  228  in 1960, but not many people paid attention to the study. Dr. Stokoe was still  229  —he was the only linguist who  230   that sign language was more than gestures. He knew it was a language of its own and not just another form of English.

九、 A. ashamed               B. bored                    C. interested                     D. involved

十、 A. idealistic              B. crazy                     C. smart                            D. normal

十一、 A. Otherwise                B. Instead                  C. Additionally                 D. Afterwards

十二、 A. what                       B. why                       C. that                              D. which

十三、 A. strongly            B. hardly                    C. willingly                       D. merely

十四、 A. made                       B. advertised              C. released                               D. analyzed

十五、 A. dissatisfying             B. alarming                C. surprising                      D. disappointing

十六、 A. results                     B. consequences          C. endings                        D. resolutions

十七、 A. anxious            B. afraid                    C. alert                             D. alone

十八、 A. wished                    B. reasoned                C. believed                        D. decided

Passage Two

Paper is one of the most important products ever invented by man. Widespread 231  of written language would not have been  232  without some cheap and practical material to write  233 . The invention of paper meant that more people could be educated because more books could be printed and  234 . Together with the printing press, paper  235  an important way to spread knowledge.

Paper was first made in China. In Egypt and the West, paper was not very  236 used before the year 1400. The Egyptians wrote on a type of paper  237  from a glasslike water plant; Europeans used a writing material made from the skin of a sheep or goat  238  many hundreds of years. We have learnt some of the most important facts of European history from records or documents still  239  in good condition. The Chinese first made paper about 2,000 years ago. China still  240 pieces of paper which were made as long ago as that. It was made from the hair-like parts of certain plants.

231.  A. use                  B. account                     C. access                     D. application

232.  A. active                B. positive                     C. possible                   D. possibility

233.  A. by                        B. on                            C. in                              D. with

234.  A. divided                 B. spread                       C. scattered                   D. distributed

235.  A. offered                 B. granted                     C. supplied                       D. provided

236.  A. always                  B. usually                      C. commonly                D. generally

237.  A. made                    B. making                     C. consisted                    D. consisting

238.  A. at                   B. for                            C. in                      D. during

239.  A. protected              B. preserved                  C. cared for                    D. looked after

240.  A. has                  B. holds                        C. prefers                    D. favors

Passage Three

     When I was a boy, children always objected    241    wearing school uniform but teachers were   242    on it because they said all of us looked  243    . Otherwise, they said children could compete with    244     and the poorer children would be unhappy because people would see how poor they were. In recent years, however, many schools have  245     the idea of making children wear uniform but funnily enough, now that children can wear  246  they like, they have adopted a uniform of their own. When some journalists visited a London school, they found that all the boys and girls were dressed in jeans. One girl said she would rather die than wear a coat instead of a jersey because  247  wants to look different  248  the other children in the class. Parents may not be as happy about this as children, but they  249   to be, because this new kind of uniform is one that the children like, not something they have forced to wear, and it is also  250    cheaper than school uniform used to be.

241.  A. against                     B. to                      C. for                         D. on

242.  A. warm                      B. eager                   C. keen                 D. interested

243.  A. same                      B. like                     C. as                   D. alike

244.  A. each other                 B. another                  C. themselves             D. others

245.  A. waited for                 B. taken off                C. put out                      D. given up

246.  A. that                       B. which                  C. what                D. as

247.  A. anyone                    B. no one                 C. none                D. someone

248.  A. than                       B. that                    C. from                D. to

249.  A. ought                      B. should                  C. would               D. had

250.  A. a lot                       B. very                   C. more                D. a lot of

Passage Four

When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them. Some Americans no longer do this, so the visitor must notice  251  do and do  252 . Until the meal is  253 , if the dinner is in a private home, a guest may avoid embarrassment by leaving the talking 254  someone else. Some families have a habit of offering a prayer of thanks before they eat.  255 . If a prayer is offered, everyone  256  quietly with bowed head until the prayer is over. If the family does not  257  the custom, there is no pause in the conversation.

 258  dinner, guests usually stay for two or three hours,  259  the thoughtful person is careful not to overstay his or her welcome. The host and hostess may  260 a guest to stay longer in order to be polite, but most dinner parties break up at about 11 o’clock.

2，    A. that others               B. which others           C. others                  D. what others

3，    A. likely                     B. alike                      C. likewise               D. unlikely

4，    A. in the way              B. on the way             C. under way          D. out of the way

5，    A. for                         B. to                          C. with              D. about

6，    A. So do other families                                 B. The same is true of other families

       C. Other families do not                           D. Nor do other families

7，    A. does not sit             B. sits                        C. is not seated          D. sit

8，    A. follow                    B. reserve                   C. adjust                  D. characterize

9，    A. Being followed by  B. Finished                 C. Following         D. Having been finished

10，A. nevertheless             B. but              C. however           D. despite

11，A. decline                    B. suggest          C. emphasize            D. urge

Passage Five

There are times when you find yourself unable to work out a problem. It is at this  261  that the way in which you use your teacher is important. With a good teachers such times should be less frequent than with a bad one, so the  262  the teacher, the more responsibility you have for your success! Whatever your luck in this  263  , one thing is most significant and stays the same, whatever the quality of teaching you  264  : if there is something you don't understand, you must ask, again and again if necessary, until you do understand it fully.  265  as this may seem, it is almost unbelievable how many people would rather sit in silent ignorance than admit not understanding. To behave in such a way is the only truly  266  thing a student can do: it's a false form of pride, which is the most useless, damaging quality anyone can have, to say  267   of a student! Therefore, regard your teacher as a guide or even a friend and do not sit   268  wondering what he's going on about. You may also ask a friend or classmate for help. Remember, there's always someone who is better than you in your class. And many newspapers and magazines set the special   269  for students, you can write to them and get replied in time. Listen to the radio, watch good TV  270  more often, maybe at a certain moment you'll find your question is being explained there and then.

12，A. course                  B. point                      C. thought             D. chance

13，A. bad                    B. better                     C. worse            D. good

14，A. field                        B. period                    C. respect          D. direction

15，A. offer                  B. describe                 C. arrange           D. receive

16，A. Negative                  B. Obvious                 C. Difficult        D. Suitable

17，A. safe                         B. simple                    C. strange           D. stupid

18，A. something         B. anything                 C. nothing           D. none

19，A. quietly                     B. honestly                 C. separately      D. gently

20，A. books                      B. editors                   C. sections           D. covers

21，A. sports                      B. news                      C. speeches            D. programs

Passage Six

The relations between men and wives are changing too. A majority of working women remain  271  their home; they come back at night to the cleaning, washing, and cooking that  272  their second career. But more and more husbands are sharing the burden and willingly  273  chores that their fathers would have rejected as unmanly, and as too much mysteriously difficult anyway.  274  such cases, man and wife become equal partners, both working outside, both pushing their vacuum cleaner.  275 , the number of husbands who do help in that way is much smaller than the number of those who accept the idea in theory,  276  the equal partnership is a fact, it does not always work well. The marriage can be destroyed when the wife is more successful in her profession  277  her husband in his, particularly when she earns more than he does. Sociologists see in this situation one of the main reasons for the increase in divorce rate, another reason  278  the husband’s refusal to help with the housework or the care of children. A third reason could be the growing awareness of the professional women  279  she does not have to remain married  280  she is too unhappy. 

271.  A. in full charge of           B. in the full charge of       C. the charge of          D.taking charge

272.  A. are accounted for      B. consisting of            C. are formed            D. make up

273.  A. taking in                             B. taking on                C. taking up              D. taking for

274.  A. On                               B. Under                            C. In                  D. At

275.  A. What’s more          B. Most importantly        C. Although                    D. Actually

276.  A. and when                            B. when                  C. as if                              D. even if

277.  A. than                             B. and                              C. comparing to           D. contrary to

278.  A. is                                 B. is that                        C. being                   D. is why

279.  A. when                B. whom                       C. what                D. that

280.  A. despite                         B. until                               C. unless                D. if

IV. Dialogue Completion

Directions: There are 20 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that appropriately suits the conversational context and best completes the dialogue and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

281.  Woman: Bob, do you think you can lend me fifty dollars?

   Bob: Let me see. ________

A. You know I have no money at all.        B. Sorry, I don’t think I have much about me. 

    C. I don’t think you should do it.           D. Oh, I have quite a lot.

282.  Client: hello. May I speak to Mr. Turner?

    Secretary: ________

    A. Speaking, please.                     B. Hello. Who’re you please.

    C. Sorry. He’s at a meeting right now.       D. Hello. Thank you for calling.

283.  Jackson: Hi! Frank. Thank you very much for your helping me get out of the trouble.

    Frank: ________

    A. It’s a pleasure.                             B. I’d like to do so.

    C. That is what I should do.                  D. That’s a very small trouble.

284.  Lily: Hello, John! What was the weather like yesterday?

    John: ________

    A. I like nice and bright weather.      B. You don’t like cold weather, do you?

    C. That was a favorable weather.      D. Nice and bright, not too cold.

285.  Mary: How do you like Professor White’s lecture?

   John: ________

    A. He talked about economy.             B. He teaches Class 2 students.

    C. Very much.                                     D. He is a middle-aged professor.

286.  Woman: Jack, ________

   Jack: Of course. But the lock is not working very well, I’m afraid.

    A. I want to use your bike.                      B. can you give your bike to me?.

    C. do you use your bike now?                    D. can I borrow your bike for a while?

287.  Bush: Do you mind my opening the window to let some fresh air in?

   Emile: ________

    A. Yes, certainly.       B. Of course, not.      C. Yes, please do it.     D. I am glad you do it.

288.  Peter: You seem to be very pleased today. Any good news?

   Rose: ________

    A. Yes. I have got my Master’s degree for three years of hard work.

    B. You are not right. There is no good news in today’s newspaper.

    C. I think most people like good news.

    D. Yes. We are talking about the news in yesterday’s newspapers.

289.  Tom: I’d like to book two tickets, please, for the tomorrow’s early morning flight to Beijing.

   Jane: ________

    A. OK, that’s fine.                           B. Can I help you, Sir?

    C. Wait a moment, please. I’ll book them for you.

    D. I’m very glad you like to book the plane tickets.

290.  Waiter: ________

   Customer: No, thank you. I have already known what to order.

    A. Do you like this kind of dishes?    B. You are welcome to our restaurant. Take seat, please.

    C. Would you like to see a menu?     D. Everybody! Order, please!

291.  Jack: Could you show me the way to the information desk?

   Jim: ________

    A. Go straight to the information desk.     B. Just follow me, please.

    C. Who are you speaking to?             D. Who is it speaking?

292.  Peter: It’s such a nice warm day. I think I’ll go out for a walk.

    Dave: ________

    A. It is warm to take a walk.      B. Yes. It is warm today.

    C. I’d like to join you.           D. Yes. Everybody like this weather.

293.  Jane: I’d like to have some ice cream if you don’t mind.

    Man: _____________________. Help yourself.

    A. of course      B. Yes, I do           C. Oh, yes            D. Of course not

294.  Green: You look cold and tired, Gary. How about a cup of coffee?

   Shirley: ________

    A. No, thank you just the same.                B. Yes, I think you are right.

    C. I am neither cold nor tired.                   D. Thank you, I prefer coffee to tea.

295.  Guest: Oh, it’s ten o’clock. I’d better go now.

    Host: ________

    A. OK. Please walk slowly and take care.  B. Why do you want to go now? Don’t you want to stay?

    C. Yeah, it’s really late. Why not immediately?            D. Won’t you stay for another cup of coffee?

296.  Tom: It’s the most delicious fruit I have had a long time.

    Smith: ________

    A. I’m so glad you like it.                                B. You are not hungry now.

    C. I like eating this fruit, too.                        D. You should like it.

297.  Wilson: Hello. May I speak to Peter?

    Peter: ________

    A. Sorry, the number is engaged. Will you hold?      B. Yes, speaking.

    C. Hello. Who’re you, please?                    D. Hello. Thank you for calling.

298.  Peter: How about going to the movies tonight then?

    Mary: ________

    A. I don’t know.                              B. The movie is very interesting.

    C. That sounds good.                            D. The movie is very boring.

299.  Woman: Jack, good job!

    Jack: ________

    A. Oh, that’s all right.                             B. Do you think so? 

    C. Not good enough, I’m afraid.               D. Thank you. I tried.

300.  Doctor: ________

    Patient: I’ve caught a bad cold and got a sour throat.

    A. What seems to be the problem?       B. Do you have anything to declare, sir?

    C. Good morning. May I help you?      D. How have you been getting along recently?

专升本英语综合练习题参考答案

I. Vocabulary and Structure

1-5 ADACB         6-10 CDABC        11-15 ACBDA       16-20 BCADC

21-25 ADBCA       26-30 BCCDA       31-35 ADDCB       36-40 BCADB

41-45 ADBCA       46-50 CBADC       51-55 CADCB       56-60 CBDAC

61-65 ABACD       66-70 BDBAC       71-75 BCABD       76-80 CBCDA

81-85 BBCDA       86-90 CACDB       91-95 ADCBC       96-100 DCBCA

101-105 CBDAB     106-110 ACDAB     111-115 BADCA     116-120 BADCA

121-125 CABDD     126-130 BDABC     131-135 ADBAC     136-140 DCABD

141-145 BACDA     146-150 BCDBA     151-155 BCADC     156-160 ADCBD

II. Reading Comprehension

161-165 DBACA     166-170 CBDBA     171-175 BDCDA     176-180 CDABC

181-185 ABADC     186-190 ACDBC     191-195 AACDD     196-200 BCADC

201-205 ACBDA     206-210 CDABA     211-215 DBDBC     216-220 ADBBD

III. Cloze

221-225 CBBAD     226-230 DCADC     231-235 ACBDD      236-240 CABBA

241-245 BCDAD     246-250 CBCAA      251-255 DCCBC       256-260 BACBD

261-265 BCCBB     266-270 DCACD        271-275 ADBCD       276-280 AACDD

IV. Dialogue Completion

281-285 BCADC     286-290 DBAAC     291-295 BCDAD     296-300 ABCDA

                             词 汇 表

A